Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Biostatistics

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Performance Comparison of Some Imputation Methods Used in Missing Value(s) Analysis: A Simulation Study
Kayıp Değer Atamasında Kullanılan Bazı Yöntemlerin Atama Performanslarının Karşılaştırılması: Bir Benzetim Çalışması
Ahmet Kadir ARSLANa, Zeynep TUNÇa, Emek GÜLDOĞANa, Cemil ÇOLAKa
aİnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Malatya, TURKEY
Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat. 2019;11(1):15-23
doi: 10.5336/biostatic.2018-62788
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Objective: In a research, it is not desirable that the dataset to be used contains missing value (s) and researchers try to cope with this situation. The main purpose of this research is to develop new user-friendly web-based software that uses various techniques to handle missing value(s). Material and Methods: In this study, to assess the performance of the software, various scenarios were tested: 5 variables were normally distributed, different sample sizes (n=1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500), high (r <-0.70 or r> 0.70) and low correlations (-0.30 <r <0.30) among between variables, different number of missing value in variables (5%, 10% and 20% missing data). The missing values were imputed by the developed web software and the results were compared. Thus, the performance of the software under different conditions was evaluated. Shiny, an open source R package was used to develop the web tool. In the developed software, linear regression (LR), random forest (RF), classification and regression trees (CART) and predictive mean matching (PMM) methods were used to impute missing values. In order to achieve more unbiased and reliable results, the "number of repetitions" and "number of multiple imputations" sections were used in the software. The normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) metric was used to assess performance of imputation techniques. The developed web-based application can be accessed free of charge at http://biostatapps. inonu.edu.tr/KDAY/. Results: According to the outputs of the developed web-based application, better results were obtained by LR and PMM models for missing value imputation in datasets with high correlation. For missing value imputation in low-correlated data sets, the models showed similar imputation performances. Conclusion: For the datasets used in this study, when the correlation between the variables is high, the best imputation performance is obtained with the DR and PMM models regardless of the size of the dataset and the percentage of missing values.

Keywords: Assignment methods; missing value(s) analysis; Shiny; simulation; web based software
ÖZET
 Amaç: Bir araştırmada kullanılacak veri setinin kayıp değer(ler) içermesi istenmeyen bir durum olup, araştırıcılar kayıp veri ile ilgili sorunları gidermeye çalışırlar. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı kayıp veri analizini ele almak için çeşitli teknikleri kullanan, yeni kullanıcı dostu bir web yazılımı geliştirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada, yazılımın performansını değerlendirmek için çeşitli senaryolar test edilmiştir: 5 değişkenin normal olarak dağılması, Farklı örneklem büyüklüklerinin (n = 1000, 1500, 2000 ve 2500) olması, Değişkenler arasında yüksek (r <-0.70 veya r> 0.70) ve düşük korelasyonların (-0.30 <r <0.30) olması, Değişkenlerde farklı sayıda eksik değerlerin (% 5,% 10 ve% 20 eksik veri) olması Bu kayıp veriler geliştirilen web yazılımı ile doldurularak çıkan sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Böylece yazılımın farklı koşullardaki çalışma performansları değerlendirilmiştir. Açık kaynaklı bir R paketi olan Shiny, web aracını geliştirmek için kullanıldı. Yazılımımızda eksik değerlere atama yapmak için doğrusal regresyon (DR), rastgele orman (RF), sınıflandırma ve regresyon ağaçları (CART) ve tahmini ortalama eşleme (PMM) ele alındı. Kayıp veri atamalarından daha iyi sonuçlar alabilmek için yazılımda "Tekrar sayısı" ve "Çoklu Atama Sayısı" kısımları kullanıldı. Atama tekniklerinin performansını değerlendirmek için normalleştirilmiş hata kareler ortalamasının karekökü (NRMSE) metriği kullanılmıştır. Geliştirilen web tabanlı uygulamaya http://biostatapps. inonu.edu.tr/KDAY/ adresinden ücretsiz olarak erişilebilir. Bulgular: Geliştirilen web tabanlı uygulamanın çıktılarına göre yüksek korelasyona sahip veri setlerinde kayıp değer atama işlem için DR ve PMM modelleri ile daha iyi sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Düşük korelasyona sahip veri setlerinde kayıp değer atama işlem için ise yazılımda yer verilen dört kayıp değer atama yönteminin hiçbirinin üstünlük sağlayamadığı görülmüştür. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada kullanılan veri kümeleri için, değişkenler arasındaki korelasyon yüksek olduğunda, verisetinin büyüklüğüne ve kayıp değerlerin yüzdesine bakılmaksızın DR ve PMM modelleri ile en iyi atama performansı elde edilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Atama yöntemleri; benzetim; kayıp veri analizi; Shiny; web tabanlı yazılım
REFERENCES:
  1. Rubin DB. Inference and missing data. Biometrika. 1976;63(3):581-92. [Crossref]
  2. Little RJA, Rubin DB. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience; 2002. p.408. [Crossref]
  3. Çüm S, Demir EK, Gelbal S, Kışla T. [A comparison of advanced methods used for missing data imputation under different conditions]. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018;(45):230-49.
  4. Pigott TD. A review of methods for missing data. Educational Resarch and Evaluation. 2001;7(1):353-83. [Crossref]
  5. Allison PD. Missing data techniques for structural equation modeling. J Abnorm Psychol. 2003;4(1):545-57. [Crossref]
  6. Osborne JW. Best Practices in Data Cleaning: A Complete Guide to Everything You Need to do Before and After Collecting Your Data. 1st ed. California: Sage Publication Inc; 2013. p.275. [Crossref]
  7. Çüm S, Gelbal S. [The effects of different methods used for value imputation instead of missing values on model data fit statistics]. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2015;1(35):87-111.
  8. Roth PL. Missing data: a conceptual review for applied psychologists Personnel Psychology. 1994;47(3):537-60. [Crossref]
  9. Alpar R. Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Yöntemler. 5. Baskı. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık; 2017. p.840.
  10. IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Version 25.0. Armonk, Ny: IBM Corp; 2017.
  11. Enders CK. Applied Missing Data Analysis. 1st ed. New York: The Guilford Publications; 2010. p.377.
  12. Akman M, Genç Y, Ankarali H. [Random forests methods and an application in health science]. Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat. 2011;3(1):36-48.
  13. Cutler A, Cutler DR, Stevens JR. Ensemble Machine Learning. 1st ed. New York: Springer; 2012. p.329.
  14. Cutler A, Cutler DR, Stevens JR. Tree-based methods. High-Dimensional Data Analysis in Cancer Research. 1st ed. New York: Springer; 2009. p.1-19. [Crossref] [PMC]
  15. Bertsimas D, Pawlowski C, Zhuo YD. From predictive methods to missing data imputation: an optimization approach. The Journal of Machine Learning Research. 2017;18(1):7133-71.
  16. Zhang S, Qin Z, Ling CX, Sheng S. ?Missing is useful?: missing values in cost-sensitive decision trees. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng. 2005;17(12):1689-93. [Crossref]
  17. Schenker N, Taylor JM. Partially parametric techniques for multiple imputation. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. 1996;22(4):425-46. [Crossref]
  18. Horton NJ, Lipsitz SR, Parzen M. A potential for bias when rounding in multiple imputation. The American Statistician. 2003;57(4):229-32. [Crossref]
  19. Chang W, Cheng J, Allaire JJ, Xie Y, McPherson J. Shiny: web application framework for R. R Package version 0.13. 2016;2.
  20. Bailey E. shinyBS: Twitter bootstrap components for shiny. R package version 0.61; 2015.
  21. Chang W. Shinythemes: themes for shiny. R package version 1.0. 2015;1.
  22. Chang W. Ribeiro BB. Shinydashboard: create dashboards with Shiny. R package version 0.6. 2017;1.
  23. AnalytixWare, shinysky: A set of Shiny UI components/widest R package version 0.1.2.
  24. Faraway J, Marsaglia G, Marsaglia J, Baddeley A. Goftest: Classical goodness-of-fit tests for univariate distributions; 2014.
  25. Stekhoven DJ. missForest: Nonparametric Missing Value Imputation using Random Forest. R package version 1;2012.
  26. Dimitriadou E, Hornik K, Leisch F, Meyer D, Weingessel A. The e1071 package; 2005.
  27. Gross J, Ligges U. Nortest: Tests for Normality, R package version 1.0-2; 2012.
  28. Wickham H, Chang W. Devtools: tools to make developing R packages easier. R package version 1.12. 0. 2016; 2017.
  29. Zhang Z. Multiple imputation with multivariate imputation by chained equation (MICE) package. Ann Transl Med. 2016;4(2):30. [PMC]
  30. Demir E, Parlak B. [Missing value problem in educational research in Turkey]. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi. 2012;3(1):230-41.
  31. Minitab, I. N. C. MINITAB statistical software, Minitab Release, 13;2000.

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com