Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences

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Parkinson Hastalığı Tanısında Proteomiks Yaklaşımlarının Yeri ve Biyobelirteç Arayışları
Proteomics Approaches to Parkinson's Disease and Search for Potential Biomarkers: Review
Murat KASAPa, Gürler AKPINARa
aTıbbi Biyoloji AD, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Klinik Araştırmalar Birimi Proteomiks Araştırma Laboratuvarı, Kocaeli
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2011;31(3):691-701
doi: 10.5336/medsci.2010-21522
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
Parkinson hastalığı (PH) sonuçları itibarı ile birçok insanın yaşam standardını düşüren, ölümle sonuçlanabilen, ekonomik olarak tedavisi maliyetli ve yaşlı nufus arttıkça görülme sıklığı artan bir sinir sistemi hastalığıdır. Beynin substantia nigra pars kompakta bölgesinde dopamin üreten ve hareketlerin kontrolünden sorumlu olan motor nöronların zaman içerisinde ölmesi sonucu ortaya çıkar. PH teşhisinde kullanılan klasik semtomlar arasında titreme, kaslarda sertlik, hareketlerde yavaşlama ve postural bozukluklar sayılabilir. Tüm bu belirtiler ortaya çıksa bile, iyi bir nörolog dahi hastalık teşhisini yüzde yüz doğrulukta ortaya koyamayabilir çünkü PH çoklu sistem atrofisi ve Lewy cisimli demans gibi diğer bazı nörolojik hastalıklarla karıştılmaktadır. Bunlara ilaveten, hastalığın belirtileri ortaya çıkmadan erken teşhisi şu an için mümkün olmayıp, varlığı motor nöronların %70'den fazlası kaybedildikten ve fiziksel belirtiler ortaya çıktıktan sonra anlaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle fiziksel belirtiler ortaya çıkmadan, PH'nın erken teşhisinde kullanılabilecek bir biyobelirteç veya biyobelirteç grubunun bulunması oldukça önemlidir. Proteomiks yaklaşımlar biyobelirteç keşfi amaçlı yapılan çalışmalarda sıklıkla kullanılırlar. Proteomiks kısaca hücre veya biyolojik sıvılardaki proteinlerin varlıklarının gösterilmesi, ortam veya biyolojik şartlara bağlı olarak organizmada oluşan değişikliklerin protein seviyesinde incelenmesi diye tarif edilebilir. Genom araştırmaları sonrası çağı olarak da görülen bu alan, hücrede asıl görev yapıcı moleküller olan proteinlerin tanımlanmasından fonksiyonlarına kadar çok geniş bir yelpazede araştırma yapma olanağı sağlamaktadır. Bu makalemizde Parkinson hastalığının teşhisinde kullanılabilecek biyobelirteçlerin keşfi amaçlı yapılan proteomiks çalışmalarını gözden geçirerek, önemli noktaları vurgulamaya çalıştık. Henüz belirlenmiş bir biyobelirteç olmamasına rağmen, aday biyobelirteçlerin bulunması yakın gelecek adına ümit vermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Parkinson hastalığı; biyolojik belirleyiciler; proteomiks
ABSTRACT
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, which may affact lives of many people by lowering their life quality and expectancy. PD is an expensive to treat disorder and increasingly encountered as the number of elderly increases. The disease is believed to be caused by the death of movement-controlling motor neurons present in substantia nigra pars compacta part of the midbrain. PD is usually diagnosed with the emergence of the classical symptoms namely bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor and postural instability. Diagnosis of PD is mostly a challenging task even for an experienced physician because several other neurological diseases display similar symptoms such as multiple system atrophy and Lewy body dementia. Early diagnosis of PD is not possible, yet essential because PD is diagnosed after the symptoms appear and more than 70% of the motor neurons have been lost. Therefore, discovery of a biomarker or a biomarker array that can be used for early diagnosis of PD would be a great help for patients as well as for the physicians. Proteomics approaches are often used in biomarker discovery. Proteomics can be briefly described as the study of proteoms in cells or in biological fluids and investigates the changes in proteoms under various physiological conditions. Proteomics sometimes referred to be the postgenomic era covers a braod range of research field from description of proteins to the functions of proteins. In this article, we aimed at reviewing and emphasizing the importance of proteomic studies carried out to discover a biomarker or a biomarker array in order to diagnose PD. Although there is no validated biomarker or a biomarker array for diagnosis of PD, promising results have been obtained.

Keywords: Parkinson's disease; biological markers; proteomics

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