Food Allergies in Adults: Current Information in Diagnosis and Treatment in the Light of New Information

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ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Doç. Dr. Derya ÜNAL
İstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi, İç Hastalıkları ABD, İmmünoloji ve Alerji Hastalıkları BD, İstanbul, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Besin alerjisi sıklığının artışı hem erişkinlerde hem de çocuklarda küresel bir endişe kaynağıdır. İlk kez Hipokrat (MÖ 460'377) ''Peynir erkeklere zarar vermez, zarar görmeden karnını doyurabilirler, sadece yapıları peynire düşman vücutlar düşman salgı ile acı çekebilirler'' sözü ile besinin bazı kişilerde istenmeyen semptomlara ve hatta ölüme yol açabileceğine dikkat çekmiştir. Yirmi üç yüzyıl sonra, Hipokrat'ın 'düşman salgı' kavramı tanımlanmış ve immünglobulin E antikorları olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Lucretius Cato (MÖ 98-55) bir şiirinde "Birisi için besin olan şey, diğeri için zehirdir'' dizesi ile de besinlere karşı istenmeyen reaksiyonların gelişimine dikkat çekmiştir. Besin alerjisi araştırmasının daha bilimsel bir temelde ele alınması Prausnitz ve Kustner'in 1921 yılında balığa karşı alerji gelişimini göstermesi ile olmuştur. 1976 yılında ilk kez May'in çift kör plasebo kontrollü besin yükleme testi geliştirmesinden sonra besin alerjisi çalışmaları kanıta dayalı hâle gelmiştir.
Çocuklarda besin alerjisi ile ilgili birçok bildiri olmasına rağmen, yetişkinlerde besin alerjisinin prevalansı ve özellikleri hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir.
Son araştırmalar erişkinlerde besin alerjisi sıklığında artış olduğunu göstermiştir. Çocukluk döneminde başlayan besin alerjilerinde tolerans gelişebildiği gibi, erişkin yaşlarda da devam edebilmektedir. Son yıllarda çocukluk döneminde başlayan besin alerjileri prevalansındaki küresel artış, erişkinlerdeki besin alerjisi prevalansının artışına neden olmaktadır. Bunun yanında erişkin dönemde yeni başlayan besin alerjisi prevalansında da artış söz konusudur.
Erişkin yaş başlangıçlı başlıca besin alerjenleri balık, kabuklu deniz ürünleri, yer fıstığı ve ağaç yemişleridir.
Polen besin sendromu, lipid transfer proteini sendromu gibi çapraz reaktivite sendromları da genellikle ergenlik ve erişkin dönemlerde başlar.
Besine bağlı egzersiz ile tetiklenen anafilaksi ile ilgili raporlar da son yıllarda erişkinlerde daha fazla yayınlanmaktadır.
Galaktoz-alfa-1,3-galaktoz (alfa-gal) alerjisi; kırmızı et tüketilmesini takiben 3 ile 6 saat arasında değişen sürelerde ürtiker, anjioödem ve anafilaksi kliniği ile karakterize bir besin alerjisi çeşiti olup yetişkinlerde çocuklardan daha sık görülmektedir. Erişkin dönemde başlayan besin katkı maddelerine bağlı alerjiler de giderek daha fazla tanımlanmaktadır.
Fırıncı astımı gibi besinlerle ilgili mesleki alerjiler de tipik olarak erişkin dönemde başlamaktadır.
Besin alerjisinde klinik belirtiler hafif (ürtiker) olabileceği gibi yaşamı tehdit eden, ciddi reaksiyonlar (anafilaksi) şeklinde de olabilmektedir. Besin alerjisi prevalansı giderek artan bir halk sağlığı sorunu olmasına rağmen ölümcül anafilaksi sıklığında artış görülmemektedir. Bunun nedeninin ise besin alerjisi ile ilgili bilgi ve duyarlılığın artması ve gerekli önlemlerin alınması ile ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Besin alerjsinin doğal seyrini anlamak; hastalığın mortalite ve morbiditesini azaltmak ve hasta yönetimini başarılı bir şekilde planlamak için çok önemlidir.
Türkiye Klinikleri'nin bu kitabında ''Erişkinde Besin Alerjileri: Yeni Bilgiler Işığında Tanıda ve Tedavide Güncel Bilgiler'' başlıklı konumuzu derledik. Bölümümüzde, besin alerjisi prevalansındaki artış nedenini, çevresel ve genetik risk faktörlerinin ayrıntılı sorgulanmasını, güncel tanı yöntemlerini ve tedavi yaklaşımlarını ele aldık
Her bir bölümü itina ile hazırlayan saygıdeğer hocalarımıza, uzmanlarımıza, Türkiye Klinikleri'nin değerli ekibine katkılarından dolayı teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Bu kitabın tüm meslektaşlarıma yararlı olmasını dilerim.
Saygılarımla.

Doç. Dr. Derya ÜNAL
Editör
The increasing prevalence of food allergy is a global concern in both adults and children. For the first time, Hippocrates (460-377 BC) pointed out that food can be responsible for unfavorable symptoms and even death in some people, with the statement "Cheese does not harm men, they can be fed without getting hurt, only bodies hostile to cheese can suffer with hostile humor". Twenty-three centuries later, the Hippocratic concept of "hostile humor" was identified and characterized as immunoglobulin E antibodies.
Lucretius Cato (98-55 BC) drew attention to the development of unfavorable reactions to food with the line "What is food for one is poison for another" in one of his poems. Considering the food allergy research on a more scientific basis, Prausnitz and Kustner introduced fish to fish in 1921. After May's development of a doubleblind placebo-controlled food challenge test for the first time in 1976, the study of food allergy became evidence-based.
Although there are numerous reports of food allergy in children, little is known about the prevalence and characteristics of food allergy in adults. Recent studies have shown that an increasing number of individuals develop food allergies in adulthood. Some patients develop tolerance to some food allergies observed in childhood. In addition, some food allergies continue until adulthood in some patients. As a result of the global increase in the prevalence of food allergy in children, the frequency of food allergy in adulthood is gradually increasing. In addition, there are new-onset food allergies in adulthood. Cross-reactivity syndromes such as pollen food syndrome and lipid transfer protein syndrome usually begin in adolescence and adulthood. Reports on anaphylaxis induced by food-dependent exercise have been published more frequently in adults in recent years. Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) allergy is a type of food allergy characterized by urticaria, angioedema and anaphy- laxis clinics for 3 to 6 hours after consumption of red meat, and is more common in adults than in children. It is increasingly being described in adult-onset allergies to food additives. Occupational food allergies, such as baker's asthma, typically begin in adulthood.
In food allergy, clinical symptoms may be mild (urticaria) as well as serious, lifethreatening reactions (anaphylaxis).
Although the prevalence of food allergy is an increasing public health problem, there is no increase in the frequency of fatal anaphylaxis. The reason for this is thought to play a role in increasing knowledge and sensitivity and taking the necessary precautions. Understanding the natural history of food allergy is crucial to successfully planning patient management.
In this book of Türkiye Klinikleri, we have compiled our topic titled 'Food Allergies in Adults: Current Information in Diagnosis and Treatment in the Light of New Information.'
In our department, the reason for the increase in the prevalence of food allergy, detailed questioning of environmental and genetic risk factors, current diagnostic methods and treatment approaches were discussed.
I would like to thank our esteemed professors, experts, and the valuable team of the Türkiye Klinikleri for their contributions, who meticulously prepared each chapter. I hope this book will be useful to all my colleagues.
Kind regards.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Derya ÜNAL
Editor

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