Vaccination of Healthcare Workers

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Selma TOSUN
Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi İzmir Bozyaka Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji ABD, İzmir, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Erişkinlerin bağışıklanmasının önemi gerek dünyada gerekse ülkemizde son yıllarda giderek artmaktadır. Erişkin bir birey olarak özel bir grubu oluşturan sağlık çalışanlarının enfeksiyöz etkenlerden korunabilmesi için uyulması ve alınması gereken universal önlemlerin yanı sıra en önemli koruyucu uygulama aşılanmadır. Günümüzde çocukluk çağı aşıları çok sayıda antijeni içermekte ve gelecek nesillerdeki sağlık çalışanlarının birçok enfeksiyon etkeninden korunmuş olarak göreve başlayacağı öngörülmektedir. Ancak bebek ve çocuklara uygulanan bu güncel aşıların bazıları, şu an görevde bulunan sağlık çalışanlarına ya hiç yapılmamıştır, ya da yapılmış olan aşıların koruyuculukları giderek azalmış hatta kaybolmuş olabilir.

Uluslararası çok sayıda rehber, sağlık çalışanlarının bazı enfeksiyöz hastalıklar açısından bağışık olduğuna ilişkin (doğal yolla veya aşıyla) kanıt olmasını, eğer bu sağlanamıyorsa aşılanmalarını önermektedir. Ülkemizde de mevcut rehberler ve Sağlık Bakanlığımızın ilgili genelgelerinde aşı önerileri ve aşı öncesi taramalar yapılması gerektiğine vurgu yapılmakta ama tarama için hangi tetkiklerin yapılacağına ilişkin standart bir kaynak bulunmamaktadır. Yine erişkin aşılamalarıyla ilgili olarak her yıl güncellenen rehberlerde az sayıda da olsa farklılıklar olmakta; aşı şemaları, dozları veya uygulanacak yaş grupları değişebilmekte; yeni aşılar kullanıma girebilmekte ya da farklı öneriler yapılabilmektedir. Bu değişiklikler sağlık çalışanlarını çok yakından ilgilendirmektedir. Örneğin Faz çalışmalarıyla birlikte 2020 yılından beri kullanıma giren koronavirüs hastalığı-2019 (COVID-19) aşıları en başta sağlık çalışanlarını çok yakından ilgilendirmektedir ve henüz çok yeni oldukları için dozları, uygulama aralıkları ve etkinlikleri ile ilgili hâlen çok sayıda bilinmezlik vardır; yeni çalışma verileri doğrultusunda dinamik bir şekilde güncellenmektedir.

Birçok uluslararası rehber ve kuruluş tarafından geçmiş yıllarda hepatit B aşılarının risk durumları sorgulanarak ve daha çok bebek-çocuk ve genç yaştaki bireylere uygulanması önerilirken, 2021 yılının sonlarında ve 2022 yılı Bağışıklama Uygulamaları Danışma Komitesi (ACIP) önerilerinde artık hepatit B virüsü (HBV) aşılaması için üst yaş sınırı kaldırılmış ve riskli durumu olmasa bile herkesin aşılanması önerilmeye başlanmıştır. Ülkemizde ulusal HBV aşılamasının 1998 yılında başlatılması ve daha sonra yapılan catch-up aşı kampanyası nedeniyle hepatit B aşılaması yapılmış olan sağlık çalışanlarının ve adaylarının bilinerek aşı öncesi ve sonrası tetkiklerin buna göre istenmesi maliyet etkin olacaktır. Yine hepatit B aşılaması sonrası antikor düzeylerinin önce yükselip daha sonra azaldığı hatta saptanamaz düzeye geldiği bilinmektedir. Ülkemizde 2000 yılı ve sonrasında doğan çocuklara ilk yıl içinde üç doz hepatit B aşısı yapıldıktan sonra başka aşı yapılmadığından, büyük çoğunluğunda antiHBs titreleri saptanamaz düzeyde çıkabilmektedir ve bu nedenle hatalı olarak bu sağlık çalışanlarına üç dozluk şema uygulanmaktadır. Oysa tek doz rapel yapılıp 1 ay sonra antiHBs bakıldığında %95'ten fazlasında anamnestik yanıt oluştuğundan, bu konunun da iyi bilinmesi ve 2000 yılından sonra doğmuş olan sağlık çalışanlarına/adaylarına önce sadece antiHBs bakılıp negatif olanlara tek doz rapel yapılması, uygun ve maliyet etkin olacaktır. Sağlık çalışanlarına yapılması önerilen aşılar açısından sorgulandıklarında sağlık çalışanlarının çoğunun HBV aşısı yaptırma ve suçiçeği-kabakulak gibi hatırlanması kolay hastalıklar dışında aşılanma veya hastalığı geçirme durumlarını yeterince hatırlayamadıkları bilinmektedir. Ülkemizde 2016 yılından itibaren kullanıma giren Aşı Takip Sistemi sayesinde artık sağlık çalışanlarının aşı durumlarının takip edilmesi, buna göre eksik aşılarının tamamlanması veya gereksiz aşı yapılmasının önlenmesi mümkün olmaktadır ve bu durum önümüzdeki yıllarda sağlık çalışanlarının aşılanma durumlarını izlemek açısından büyük yarar sağlayacaktır. Değişik nedenlerle immünsüpresif durumu olan sağlık çalışanlarının bağışıklanması ve aşı dozları/aralıkları da zaman zaman güncellenmektedir

İşte saydığımız tüm bu nedenlerle; sağlık çalışanlarına aşı öncesi yapılması gereken tetkikler, aşılama tarihçesi, güncel aşı önerileri ve rutinde ya da özel durumlarda sağlık çalışanlarına önerilen aşılarla ilgili güncel verileri ve literatürü gözden geçirip paylaşmayı amaçladık. Tüm sağlık çalışanlarımıza ve konuyla ilgili herkese yararlı olması dileğiyle.

Prof. Dr. Selma TOSUN
Editör
The importance of immunization of adults has been increasing both in the world and in our country in recent years. In addition to the universal precautions that must be followed and taken in order to protect healthcare workers, who form a special group as adults, from infectious factors, the most important preventive practice is vaccination. Today, childhood vaccines contain a large number of antigens and it is predicted that future generations of healthcare professionals will start to work protected from many infectious agents. However, some of these up-to-date vaccines administered to infants and children have either never been administered to current healthcare professionals, or the protection of the vaccines may have decreased or even lost.

A large number of international guidelines recommend that healthcare workers have evidence of immunity (naturally or by vaccination) for certain infectious diseases, and if this cannot be achieved, they should be vaccinated. In our country, it is emphasized that vaccination recommendations and pre-vaccination screenings should be done in the current guidelines and the relevant circulars of our Ministry of Health, but there is no standard resource on which examinations to be performed for screening. Again, there are differences, albeit a small number, in the guidelines updated every year regarding adult vaccinations; vaccine schemes, doses or age groups to be administered may vary; new vaccines can be used or different recommendations can be made. These changes concern healthcare professionals very closely. For example, the coronavirus disease2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, which have been in use since 2020 with the Phase studies, are of particular interest to healthcare professionals, and since they are still very new, there are still many unknowns about their doses, application intervals and efficacy; it is dynamically updated in line with new study data.

While hepatitis B vaccines were administered to infants-children and young individuals in the past years by questioning their risk status, the upper age limit for hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination has been removed in the late 2021 and 2022 Advisory Committee of Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations, and it has begun to be recommended that everyone should be vaccinated, even if they are not in a risky situation. It will be cost-effective to know the healthcare professionals and candidates who have been vaccinated against hepatitis B due to the initiation of national HBV vaccination in 1998 and the catch-up vaccination campaign that followed, and to request pre- and post-vaccination tests accordingly. It is also known that after hepatitis B vaccination, antibody levels first increase and then decrease and even become undetectable. AntiHBs titers can be undetectable in the vast majority of children born in 2000 in our country and after, since three doses of hepatitis B vaccine are given in the first year and no other vaccines are given, and therefore, three-dose scheme is applied to these healthcare workers incorrectly. However, since anamnestic response occurs in more than 95% of patients after a single dose booster is given and when antiHBs is examined 1 month later, it would be appropriate and cost-effective to know this subject well and to give a single dose booster to healthcare workers/candidates born after 2000 who were negative for antiHBs only. When questioned about the recommended vaccines for healthcare professionals, it is known that most of the healthcare professionals cannot remember their vaccination or disease status, except for HBV vaccination and easy-to-remember diseases such as chickenpox and mumps. The Vaccine Tracking System, which has been put into use in our country since 2016, it is now possible to monitor the vaccination status of healthcare workers, to complete missing vaccinations or to prevent unnecessary vaccination, and this will be of great benefit in monitoring the vaccination status of healthcare workers in the coming years. Immunization and vaccine doses/intervals of healthcare workers with immunosuppressive status for various reasons are also updated from time to time.

Here are all the reasons we mentioned; we aimed to review and share the current data and literature on the tests that should be done before vaccination, vaccination history, current vaccination recommendations, and vaccinations recommended to healthcare workers in routine or special situations. We hope it will be useful to all our healthcare workers.

Prof. Dr. Selma TOSUN
Editor

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