Natural Medicines

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. İclal SARAÇOĞLU
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi, Farmakognozi ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
İnsanlar var oluşlarından bu yana çevrelerindeki bitki ve hayvanlarla ilgilenmişler, gerek içgüdüsel olarak, gerekse hayvanları izleyip, taklit ederek doğadan faydalanma yollarını aramışlardır. Bu faydalanma daha çok gıda olarak ve hastalıkları tedavi etme yönünde olmuştur.

Doğal kaynaklardan, tıbbi bitkiler hakkındaki en eski bilgilere, MÖ 4000-2000 yılları arasında hüküm sürmüş bir medeniyet olan Sümerliler tarafından yazılmış tabletlerde rastlanmıştır. MÖ 3500 yıllarında eski Çinliler tarafından yazılan 'Materia Medica' adlı kitaplarda 365 bitkisel ve hayvansal drog ile minerallerden bahsedilmektedir. Bu bilgilerden günümüzde de 'Geleneksel Çin Tıbbı-TCM' adı altında tüm dünyada yararlanılmaktadır. MÖ 1550 yılında Eski Mısırlılar tarafından yazılmış 'Ebers Papirüsleri'nde, bazıları günümüze kadar gelmiş 700 tıbbi bitkinin kayıtlı olduğu bilinmektedir. MS 40-90 yıllarında yaşamış olan Dioscorides'in, tıbbi bitkiler, hayvansal kaynaklı ilaçlar ve mineraller ile ilgili bilgileri içeren 'Materia Medica' adlı beş ciltlik eseri, Avrupa'da Rönesans dönemine kadar kullanılmış ve birçok dile çevrilmiştir. M.S. 980-1037 yılları arasında yaşamış olan İbni Sina'nın 'Tıp Kanunu' adlı eseri ise İslam âleminde olduğu kadar, çeşitli dillere çevrilerek Avrupa'da da çok uzun yıllar hastalıkların teşhis ve tedavisinde kullanılmıştır.

İnsanların doğaya olan bu ilgileri, zamanla, araştırma alanı doğal kaynaklı ilaçlar, ilaç hammaddeleri ve yardımcı maddeleri olan ve eczacılığın en eski dalı olarak bilinen 'Farmakognozi' biliminin doğmasına sebep olmuştur. Klasik Farmakognozi döneminde, doğal kaynak olarak daha çok bitkisel ve hayvansal kaynaklar ile insanlar ve mikroorganizmalardan yararlanılsa da, zamanla teknolojik ve bilimsel gelişmelere bağlı olarak doğal kaynaklara, deniz canlıları ile farklı hücre ve doku kültürleri de ilave edilmiş, dolayısı ile Farmakognozinin ilgi alanları da genişlemiştir. Drog olarak tanımlanan ve biyolojik etkiye sahip doğal kaynakların toplanması, kurutulması, saklanması, saflık ve kalite kontrolü, standardizasyonu ve ticareti; fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyokimyasal özellikleri ile biyolojik etkilerinin araştırılması; yeni ilaçların keşfi için potansiyel etkili ilaç adayı moleküllerin elde edilme çalışmaları Farmakognozi'nin kapsamı içinde değerlendirilmektedir.

Sağlık Bakanlığı, Beşeri Tıbbi Ürün Yönetmeliği'nde; Beşeri Tıbbi Ürün (İlaç): 'Hastalığı tedavi etmek ve/veya önlemek, bir teşhis yapmak veya bir fizyolojik fonksiyonu düzeltmek, düzenlemek veya değiştirmek amacıyla, insana uygulanan doğal ve/veya sentetik kaynaklı etkin madde veya maddeler kombinasyonu' şeklinde tanımlanmıştır. Madde ise; kaynağı insan (insan kanı ve insan kanından elde edilen ürünler), hayvan (mikroorganizmalar, bütün hayvanlar, organ parçaları, hayvan salgıları, toksinler, özler, kan ürünleri), bitki (mikroorganizmalar, bitkiler, bitkilerin bölümleri, bitki salgıları, bitki özleri) ve kimyasal (elementler, doğal olarak oluşan kimyasal materyaller, kimyasal değişiklik ya da sentez yoluyla elde edilen kimyasal ürünler) olabilen her türlü madde olarak açıklanmıştır

Bu tanımlardan hareketle, Farmakognozi'nin konusu olan ve doğal kaynaklardan elde edilen ilaçlar ve ilaç hammaddeleri hakkındaki bilgiler, güncel gelişmeler ışığında bu kitapta derlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Sıralamada öncelik; tıbbi bitkiler ile ilaç adayı moleküllere ulaşma potansiyeli açısından fitokimyasal çalışmalara verilmiştir. Doğadan ilaca giden yolda yapılması gerekenler ve Türkiye'deki yasal düzenlemeler; Türkiye'nin tıbbi bitki çeşitliliği; tıbbi bitkiler üzerinde yapılan fitokimyasal çalışmaların ilaç adayı moleküller elde edilmesindeki önemi; mikrobiyolojik transformasyonun ilaç hammaddesi elde edilmesindeki önemi; doğal kaynakların kimyasal içeriklerini belirlemek amacıyla kullanılan kromatografik ve spektroskopik yöntem kombinasyonları; doğal kaynaklı ilaç araştırmalarında biyoaktivite çalışmalarıyla ilgili stratejiler ve yöntemler ile ağ farmakolojisi çalışmaları ile ilgili konular ilk bölümlerde yer almıştır. Sonraki bölümler ise, hayvanların çeşitli yollarla kendilerini tedavi etmesi diye tanımlanabilen zoofarmakognozi; mikroorganizmalar ile memeli ve bitki hücre kültürleri kullanılarak biyoteknolojik yöntemlerle elde edilen biyolojik ilaçlar, insan kanı ve kan ürünleri; deniz canlılarının ilaç geliştirmedeki önemi ve gündeme uygun olarak, COVID-19'a karşı doğal çözümler konularını kapsamaktadır. Ancak, doğal kaynakların çeşitliliği düşünüldüğünde eksiklerimizin olması kaçınılmazdır.

Her biri alanında uzman olan, bazıları da çok uzun yıllardan beri farmakognozi bilimine hizmet eden, deneyim ve birikimlerinden yararlandığımız değerli yazarlarımıza çok teşekkür eder, güncel bilgiler ışığında hazırlanan bu kitabın, doğal kaynaklı ilaçlara ilgi duyanlara yararlı olmasını dilerim.

Prof. Dr. İclal SARAÇOĞLU
Editör
Since their existence, human beings have been interested in the plants and animals around them, and have sought ways to benefit from nature both instinctively and by watching and imitating animals. This benefit has been mostly as food and in terms of treating diseases.

The oldest information about medicinal plants from natural sources has been found in tablets written by the Sumerians, a civilization that ruled between 4000-2000 BC. In the books called "Materia Medica" written by the ancient Chinese around 3500 BC, 365 herbal and animal drugs and minerals have been mentioned. Today, this information is used all over the world under the name of "Traditional Chinese Medicine-TCM". It is known that 700 medicinal plants were recorded in the "Ebers Papyrus" written by the ancient Egyptians in 1550 BC, some of which have survived to the present day. The five-volume work of Dioscorides (40-90 AC), named "Materia Medica", which contains information about medicinal plants, medicines of animal origin, and minerals, was used in Europe until the Renaissance and translated into many languages. The work of Avicenne (980-1037 AC), titled 'The Canon of Medicine', was translated into various languages as well as in the islamic world and used for many years in Europe, too.

This interest of people in nature has led to the emergence of the science of "Pharmacognosy", which is known as the oldest branch of pharmacy, research area is natural-sourced drugs, pharmaceutical raw materials and auxiliary substances. Mostly plant and animal sources, humans and microorganisms are used as natural resources in the classical pharmacognosy. Depending on the technological and scientific developments, marine organisms and different cell and tissue cultures have been added to natural resources, and therefore the fields of interest of pharmacognosy have expanded. Collecting, drying, storage, purity and quality control, standardization and trade of natural resources that are defined as drugs, investigation of their physical, chemical and biochemical properties and biological effects, and the studies of obtaining potentially active drug candidate molecules for the discovery of new drugs are evaluated within the scope of Pharmacognosy. In the Ministry of Health's Human Medicinal Product Regulation; Medicinal Product for Human Use (Drug) is defined as 'a combination of active substances or substances of natural and/or synthetic origin that is administered to humans for the purpose of treating and/or preventing disease, making a diagnosis or correcting, regulating or modifying a physiological function'. According to the regulation, the substance is human (human blood and products derived from human blood), animal (microorganisms, whole animals, organ parts, animal secretions, toxins, extracts, blood products), plant (microorganisms, plants, parts of plants, plant secretions, plant extracts) and chemical (elements, naturally occurring chemical materials, chemical products obtained by chemical modification or synthesis).

Based on these definitions, information on drugs obtained from natural sources, the subject of Pharmacognosy, has been reviewed in this book in the light of updated knowledge. Priority has been given to medicinal plants and phytochemical studies because of their potential to give drug candidate molecules. The topics, what needs to be done on the way from nature to medicine and legal regulations in Turkey; Turkey's rich medicinal plant diversity; the importance of phytochemical studies on medicinal plants and microbiological transformation in obtaining drug candidates; combinations of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods used to determine the chemical content of natural resources; strategies and methods related to bioactivity studies in naturalsourced drug research and network pharmacology studies have taken place in the first chapters. The last chapters are included information on zoopharmacognosy that can be defined as animals treating themselves in various ways; biological drugs obtained by biotechnological methods using microorganisms, mammalian and plant cell cultures; human blood and blood products; the importance of marine organisms in drug development; and natural remedies for COVID-19 in accordance with the pandemic agenda. However, considering the diversity of natural resources, it is inevitable that there will be issues we have missed.

I would like to thank the authors who have contributed to this special issue. They all are competent on this area with their scientific experience and knowledge for a long time. I hope that this book, prepared in the light of updated knowledge, will be useful to readers interested in natural sourced drugs.

Prof. Dr. İclal SARAÇOĞLU
Editor

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