Malign Lymphoma in Childhood

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ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. İnci ERGÜRHAN İLHAN
Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Ankara Şehir Hastanesi, Çocuk Hematolojisi ve Onkolojisi BD, Ankara, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Hodgkin lenfoma (HL) ve non-Hodgkin lenfoma (NHL) tüm çocukluk çağı kanserlerinin ortalama %15'ini teşkil ederler. Tedavi oranları her iki lenfoma için son birkaç dekatta hızla artarak özellikle gelişmiş ülkelerde HL için neredeyse %100, NHL için ise %85 gibi rakamlara ulaşmıştır. Görüntüleme teknikleri; bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT), manyetik rezonans inceleme (MRİ) ve metabolik görüntülemeli 'positron emission tomography' (PET)/BT ve PET/MRİ kullanarak hastalığın tanısı, evrelemesi ve tedaviye yanıtın değerlendirilmesinde başlıca rol oynarlar. Bu kesitsel görüntüler, abdominal nodal grupları ve organ tutulumunu göstermek için yapılan evreleme laparotomisi ve splenektominin yerini almıştır. Lenfomanın kemik iliği tutulumu [F-18]2-fluoro-2deoxyglucose (FDG)-PET ile gösterilebilirken, MRİ kortikal kemik detaylarını aydınlatır ve kemik iliği tutulumunu da gösterir. Evreleme sistemi HL için Costwald değişikliğiyle birlikte görüntülemeye dayalı Ann Arbor sistemidir ki NHL evreleme sistemi Murphy'nin 'St Jude Classification' sistemi ya da yeniden gözden geçirilen 'International Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Staging System (IPNHLSS)' sistemidir. Bütün pediatrik lenfomalar metabolik olarak FDG talepkâr oldukları için, hem HL hem de NHL için nodal, solid organ, kortikal kemik ve kemik iliği tutulumunu göstermek üzere evreleme tetkiklerinde FDG-PET ya PET/BT ya da PET/MRİ gereklidir. Her iki hastalığın tanı anında hava yolunu tutup solunumu baskıladığı görüntüleme ile ispatlanabilir. Farklılıklar olmakla birlikte görüntülemeyle HL'de birçok bağımsız kötü prognostik faktör; örneğin büyük mediastinal kitle, evre IV hastalık, sistemik semptomlar, plevral ve perikardiyal sıvı gösterilebilir. NHL; böbrek, over, santral sinir sitemi ve deri gibi daha fazla organ tutulumu ile karekterizedir. Erken veya tedavi arası PET-negatif görüntüler Deavuille skorunun kullanımıyla iyi klinik sonuç ve buna dayanarak en uygun hâle getirilen riske dayalı tedavi için güvenilir belirleyicilerdir.

Çocukluk çağı lenfomaların tedavisi son 20 yılda en iyi şekle getirilmiştir. Her iki malignite için başlıca tedavi şekli kemoterapi olup, hastalığın farklı alt grupları için farklı protokollerden oluşmuştur. HL'de kombine tedavi metodu kemoterapiyi takiben radyoterapi olarak uzun yıllardan beri standart tedavi olmuştur. İkincil malignite gibi uzun dönemdeki yan etkileri azaltmak üzere birçok büyük pediatrik uluslararası HL kuruluşları son üç dekatta cevaba dayalı radyoterapi azaltma stratejilerini çalışmaktadır.

Son yıllarda çocuklarda refrakter ve/ya rezistan lenfoma vakalarında antikor ve/ya hedefe yönelik moleküller dâhil yeni tedavi şekilerini kullanarak daha iyi sonuçlar beklenmektedir. Bu tedavi şeklinin, hâlen uygulanmakta olan tedaviye bağlı uzun dönem toksisitelerini azaltacağı düşünülmektedir. Tekrarlayan hastalıkta yüksek doz kemoterapiyi takiben otolog veya allojenik kök hücre nakli bir seçenektir. Hedef ilaçlardan hiçbiri henüz çocukluk çağı lenfomalarında rutin kullanıma girmemiştir. Erişkin lenfomada CD20 antikor rituximab ve CD30 antikor-ilaç eşleniği brentuximab vedotin hedef ilaçlar olarak birincil veya ikincil tedavi protokollerinde yer alır. Son yıllarda immün kontrol nokta baskılayıcıları, 'phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase' baskılayıcıları ve 'Bruton's tyrosine kinase' baskılayıcıları erişkin lenfomada son derece ümit verici yeni tedavi seçenekleri olarak görülmektedir. Biz pediatrik lenfoma vakalarında mevcut deneyimlerin ışığında bu yeni tedavi seçeneklerinin değerlendirmesini de yaptık.

Çocukluk çağı lenfomaların artan yaşam oranlarıyla birlikte tedaviye bağlı yan etkileri de artmaktadır. Bu yan etkiler endişe verici olup, çocukluk çağı kanser yaşayanlarının hayat boyu takibi; kansere bağlı morbiditenin değerlendirilmesi, oluşabilecek ikincil kanser için tanının zamanında konulması ve erken müdahale edilmesi açısından son derece önemlidir.

Prof. Dr. İnci ERGÜRHAN İLHAN
Editör
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) comprise approximately 15% of all childhood malignancies. Cure rates for both lymphoma entities have evolved tremendously during the last couple of decades, raising the 5-year survival rates to almost 100% for HL and to 85% for NHL in developed countries. Imaging plays a major role in diagnosis, staging and response using conventional CT and MRI and metabolic imaging with positron emission tomography (PET)/CT and PET/MRI. Cross-sectional imaging has replaced staging laparotomy and splenectomy by demonstrating abdominal nodal groups and organ involvement. [F-18]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG)-PET provides information on bone marrow involvement, and MRI elucidates details of cortical bone and confirmation of bone marrow involvement. The staging system for HL is the Ann Arbor system with Cotswald modifications and is based on imaging, whereas the NHL staging system is the St. Jude Classification by Murphy or the more recent revised International Pediatric NonHodgkin Lymphoma Staging System (IPNHLSS). Because all pediatric lymphomas are metabolically FDG-avid and identify all nodal, solid organ, cortical bone and bone marrow disease, staging evaluations require FDG-PET as PET/CT or PET/MRI in both HL and NHL. Both diseases have in common issues of airway compromise at presentation demonstrated by imaging. Differences exist in that HL has several independent poor prognostic factors seen by imaging such as large mediastinal adenopathy, Stage IV disease, systemic symptoms, pleural effusion and pericardial effusion. NHL includes more organ involvement such as renal, ovary, central nervous system and skin. Early or interim PET-negative scans are a reliable indicator of improved clinical outcome and optimize risk-adapted therapy and patient management with using Deauville visual scale.

Treatment for childhood lymphoma has been optimized over the last 20 years. The mainstay therapy for both malignancies is still chemotherapy-with different regimens recommended for different types of disease. In HL, combined modality treatment, i.e., chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy, has long been the standard regimen. In order to reduce long-term side effects, such as second malignancies, most major pediatric HL consortia have studied response-based radiotherapy reduction strategies over the last 3 decades.

Recently, novel treatment strategies including antibodies and/or targeted therapies are expected to hold promise for advancing outcomes in children with refractory and/or relapsed lymphoma. It is also a currently important challenge to reduce the long-term toxicities associated with contemporary treatments. For recurrent disease, high-dose chemotherapy followed by an autologous or an allogeneic hematopoietic stemcell transplant is an option. No targeted agents have yet gained regulatory approval for use in pediatric patients with lymphoma. For adult lymphoma patients, the CD20 antibody rituximab and the CD30 antibody-drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin are targeted agents used regularly in first- and second-line treatment regimens. More recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors, phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase inhibitors, and Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors appear to be very promising new treatment options in adult lymphoma. Also we analyzised the current experience with these types of agents in pediatric lymphoma patients.

With improved survival of childhood lymphoma patients, the number of long-term treatment related late efeects are increasing. Late effects were of concern; lifelong follow up of childhood cancer survivors is required to assess cancer-related morbidity, occurrence of a secondary neoplasm, to facilitate timely diagnosis and to implement remedial or preventive interventions to optimize health outcomes.

Prof. Dr. İnci ERGÜRHAN İLHAN
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