Medications Used in Dentistry

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Cansu ALPASLAN
Gazi Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Ağız, Diş ve Çene Cerrahisi ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tahminlerine göre ilaçların yarısından fazlası uygun olmadığı hâlde reçete edilmekte, tüketilmekte ya da satılmaktadır. DSÖ'nün bu problemi tartışmak ve çözüm bulmak amacıyla 1985 yılında Nairobi'de düzenlediği toplantı 'Akılcı İlaç Kullanımı' (AİK) çalışmaları için başlangıç olmuştur. Günümüzde dünyada AİK konusunda farkındalık gelişmiş, klinik uygulama rehberleri geliştirilmiş, tıp ve diş hekimliği müfredatlarında yerini almıştır. Türkiye'de AİK 2016 yılından beri diş hekimliği eğitimi çekirdek müfredatında yer almaktadır.

Bunun yanı sıra, Dr. Sackett tarafından tanımlanan 'kanıta dayalı tıp/diş hekimliği' uygulaması kapsamında 'kanıta dayalı ilaç kullanımı' bizlere yol gösteren önemli bilimsel kanıtları sunmaktadır. İlaçlar genel olarak yaşamın kalitesini veya kantitesini artırmak için ya da hastalığı iyileştirmek, baskılamak veya önlemek için kullanılır. Ancak ilaçların gerekli olmadığı hâlde kullanılması, yanlış kullanılması ve hatta gereğinden az kullanılması ekonomik açıdan ciddi kayıp, sağlık açısından ise tehlike oluşturmaktadır. Diş hekimliğinde ilaçların kullanım alanı oldukça dar olmasına karşın reçete edilen ilaçlar, özellikle antibiyotikler oldukça yüksek orandadır.

Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Kurumu tarafından yapılan retrospektif çalışmada 2013- 2015 tarihleri arasında Türkiye'deki diş hekimleri tarafından yazılan e-reçeteler incelendiğinde; reçetelerin %82,4'ünde (12.944.522 reçetede) antibakteriyel ilaç bulunduğu ve en sık yazılan antibiyotiğin ise penisilin + beta-laktam (%71,3) olduğu ortaya koyulmuştur.1 Halbuki diş kaynaklı enfeksiyonlarda beta-laktam ile kombine edilmiş antibiyotiklerin ilk tercih olmaması, daha dar spektrumlu antibiyotiklerin seçilmesi gerekliliği bilimsel bir gerçektir.

İngiltere, İsveç, İskoçya Norveç'te 2010-2016 yılları arasında diş hekimlerinin yazdıkları reçeteler incelendiğinde dental enfeksiyon için yazılan reçetelerin toplam reçete sayısının %6-8'ini oluşturduğu ve sıklıkla dar spektrumlu fenoksimetil penisilin yazılmış olduğu saptanmıştır. Antibiyotik kullanımı konusunda bilinçlendirme yapılmasını takiben tüm bu ülkelerde antibiyotik reçetesi sayısında %4-19 oranlarında azalma olmuştur.2 Bu 2 çalışma ülkemizdeki tablo ile diğer ülkelerdeki tablolar arasında çok önemsenmesi gereken ve önlem alınması gereken farklılıklar olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Akılda tutulması gereken önemli bir konu da bilginin dinamik olduğu ve sürekli değiştiğidir. Bu nedenle kanıta dayalı ilaç kullanımı için klinik rehberlerin, sistematik derleme ve meta analizlerin sürekli olarak takip edilmesi gereklidir. Bakteriyel endokardit riski taşıyan hastalarda antibiyotik profilaksisi klinik rehberinden örnek verecek olursak; bu rehber ilk kez 1955 yılında yayımlanmış, değişik zamanlarda güncellenerek tekrar yayınlanmıştır. Antibiyotiğin türü, veriliş zamanı ve dozunun farklı zamanlarda yayınlanan rehberlerde farklılık gösterdiği görülmektedir. Keza, 2014 yılında yapılan sistematik derlemede dental işlemlerle protetik eklem enfeksiyonları arasında bir ilişki bu lunmamış ve ADA tarafından yayınlanan klinik rehberde protetik eklem implantı taşıyan hastalarda buna bağlı olarak gelişebilecek eklem enfeksiyonunu önlemek için dental işlemlerden önce profilaktik antibiyotik uygulamasına gerek olmadığı belirtilmiştir.3

Diş hekimlerinin sıklıkla reçete ettiği ilaç grubundan diğeri non-steroid antiinflamatuar ilaçlar (NSAİİ)'dır. Bir çalışmada diş hekimlerinin %86'sının NSAİİ'lerin etki mekanizmasını, %88'inin çocuk hastaya verilecek dozu, %45'inin erişkin hastaya verilecek dozu yanlış bildiği saptanmıştır. NSAİİ'ler pek çok organda ve sistemde istenmeyen yan etkiye sebep olduğu hâlde bu çalışmada diş hekimlerinin %98,85'inin sadece gastrointestinal sistemdeki yan etkilerin farkında oldukları saptanmıştır.4

ABD Hastalık Kontrol ve Önleme Merkezi (CDC)'nin 2006 yılı raporunda 2004 ile 2005 yılı arasında acile kabul edilen hastaların %6,7'sinde sebebin ilaç yan etkisi olduğu bildirilmiştir.

Tüm ilaç yan etkilerinin oluşumunda warfarin %5,2 oran ile 1. sırada yer alırken, diş hekimliğinde sıklıkla kullandığımız asetaminofen için oran %5, aspirin için %2,5, ibuprofen için %2,1 olarak bildirilmiştir.5

Yine, ABD ve Avrupa'da her 15 hastane başvurusundan 1 tanesi ilaç zehirlenmesidir. İlaç yan etkilerinin bir kısmı hasta, bir kısmı da hekim hatası sebebiyle oluşmaktadır ve önlenmesinde eğitimin önemi büyüktür.

Ağız sağlığı hiç kuşkusuz, genel sağlığın ve yaşam kalitesinin en önemli bileşenidir. Hastalığı ilaçla tedavi etmek yerine hastalığın oluşmasını önlemek için koruyucu diş hekimliği öncelikli bir politika benimsenmelidir. Çünkü kullandığımız ilaçlar hastayı tamamen iyileştirmez. İyileştirse bile pek çok organda ve sistemde istenmeyen yan etkiler oluşturur. Hatta antibiyotiklerin gereksiz ve yanlış kullanımı küresel ölçekte insanlar için ciddi bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Diş hekimleri reçete yazarken AİK ilkelerine uymalı ve en iyi bilimsel kanıtları kullanmalıdır.

Türkiye Klinikleri'nin bu kitabında diş hekimliğinde sık kullandığımız ilaçların güncel derlemelerini siz değerli meslektaşlarımıza sunmaktan mutluluk duyuyoruz. Makaleleri ile bu kitaba katkı sağlayan tüm akademisyenlere sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum.

Prof. Dr. Cansu ALPASLAN
Editör

KAYNAKLAR

1. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Kurumu. Türkiye'de Diş Hekimlerinin Yazdığı Reçetelerde Antibakteriyel Kullanımının Araştırılması. Sağlık Bakanlığı, ISBN: 978-975-590-654-6 Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1073 TİTCK Yayın No: 18, Ankara, 2017.
2. Smith A, Al-Mahdi R, Malcolm W, Palmer N, Dahlen G, Al-Haroni M. Comparison of antimicrobial prescribing for dental and oral infections in England and Scotland with Norway and Sweden and their relative contribution to national consumption 2010-2016. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):172. doi: 10.1186/s12903-020-01163-x. PMID: 32546149; PMCID: PMC7298788.
3. Sollecito TP, Abt E, Lockhart PB, Truelove E, Paumier TM, Tracy SL, et al. The use of prophylactic antibiotics prior to dental procedures in patients with prosthetic joints: Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for dental practitioners--a report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. J Am Dent Assoc. 2015;146(1):11-6.
4. Hoxha M, Malaj V, Spahiu E,Spahiu M. Dentists' knowledge about over the counter-NSAIDs: An emerging need for NSAID-avoidance education. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2020;10(1):070-076.
5. Gurwitz D, McLeod HL. Primum non nocere: adverse drug events must be taken seriously. Pharmacogenomics. 2007;8(4):311-4. doi: 10.2217/14622416.8.4.311. PMID: 17391068.
According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) estimation, more than half of all medicines are prescribed, dispensed or sold inappropriately. A Conference convened by WHO and held in Nairobi in 1985 with the objective of discussing and finding solution to this problem was the starting point of endeavors and studies on 'rational use of medicines'. Today, there is an awareness on rational use of medicines, included to the curriculum of dental and medical education and, numerous clinical guidelines have been developed. Rational use of medicines has been a component of national core curriculum of dental education since 2016.

Besides, 'evidence-based use of medications' became available within the concept of 'evidencebased medicine/ dentistry' defined by Dr. Sackett.

Medications are generally used to enhance quality and quantity of life, cure, suppress or prevent disease. However, the overuse, underuse or misuse of medicines results in wastage of scarce resources and widespread health hazards.

Although the use of drugs in dentistry is quite narrow, the prescribed drugs, especially antibiotics, are quite high. Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Ministry of Health, evaluated e-prescriptions written by dentists in Turkey between 2013 and 2015 in a retrospective study and, reported that antibacterial drugs were found in 82.4% of the prescriptions (12.944.522 prescriptions), and that the most frequently prescribed antibiotic was penicillin + beta-lactam (71.3%).1 However, best scientific evidences do not support the use of antibiotics combined with beta-lactam as a first line choice in dental infections but recommend a narrower spectrum.

Another study evaluated the prescriptions written by dentists in England, Sweden, Scotland and Norway between 2010 and 2016 and found that the prescriptions for dental infection constituted 6-8% of the total number of prescriptions and narrow spectrum phenoxymethyl penicillin was frequently written. Following the raise in awareness on the use of antibiotics, the number of antibiotic prescriptions decreased by 4-19% in all these countries.2 Findings of those 2 studies demonstrate great contrasts that necessitates implementation of some precautions.

An important issue to keep in mind is that knowledge is dynamic and constantly changing. Therefore, following clinical guidelines, systematic reviews and meta-analyses all times is necessary for evidence-based drug use. If we give an example from the clinical guideline for antibiotic prophylaxis in patients at risk of bacterial endocarditis, this guide was first published in 1955, updated and republished at different times. We see that the type of antibiotic, administration time and dose differ in the guidelines published at different times. Likewise, no relationship was found between dental procedures and prosthetic joint infections in a systematic review published in 2014 and ADA have not recom mended prophylactic antibiotic administration before dental procedures in patients with prosthetic joint implants in its clinical guideline.3

Another group of drugs that dentists often prescribe is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In a study, it was found that 86% of dentists do not know the mechanism of action of NSAIDs, 88% the dose to be given to a pediatric patient, and 45% the dose to be given to an adult patient. Although NSAIDs cause unwanted side effects in many organs and systems, it was found in this study that 98.85% of dentists were only aware of side effects in the gastrointestinal system.4

In the 2006 report of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it was reported that the reason was drug side effects in 6.7% of patients admitted to the emergency department between 2004 and 2005. While warfarin ranks first in causing drug side effects with a rate of 5.2%, the rate for acetaminophen, which is frequently used in dentistry was 5%, 2.5% for aspirin, and 2.1% for ibuprofen.5 It has been reported that 1 out of every 15 hospital admissions in the USA and Europe is poisoning due to medication. Some of the side effects of drugs are caused by the misuse of the patient and some are caused by the physician, education is of great importance in preventing them.

Oral health is undoubtedly the most important component of general health and quality of life. Preventive dentistry should be a priority policy to prevent the disease from occurring instead of treating the disease with medication. The medications we use do not completely cure the patient alone and may cause unwanted side effects in many organs and systems. Especially, misuse of antibiotics poses a serious threat to humans on a global scale. Dentists should adhere to the principles of rational use of medications and should use the best scientific evidence when prescribing.

In this book of the Türkiye Klinikleri, we are pleased to present current reviews of the drugs we use frequently in dentistry to our esteemed colleagues. I would like to express my gratitude to all academics who contributed to this book with their articles.

Prof. Dr. Cansu ALPASLAN
Editor

REFERENCES

1. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Kurumu. Türkiye'de Diş Hekimlerinin Yazdığı Reçetelerde Antibakteriyel Kullanımının Araştırılması. Sağlık Bakanlığı, ISBN: 978-975-590-654-6 Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1073 TİTCK Yayın No: 18, Ankara, 2017.
2. Smith A, Al-Mahdi R, Malcolm W, Palmer N, Dahlen G, Al-Haroni M. Comparison of antimicrobial prescribing for dental and oral infections in England and Scotland with Norway and Sweden and their relative contribution to national consumption 2010-2016. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):172. doi: 10.1186/s12903-020-01163-x. PMID: 32546149; PMCID: PMC7298788.
3. Sollecito TP, Abt E, Lockhart PB, Truelove E, Paumier TM, Tracy SL, et al. The use of prophylactic antibiotics prior to dental procedures in patients with prosthetic joints: Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for dental practitioners--a report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. J Am Dent Assoc. 2015;146(1):11-6.
4. Hoxha M, Malaj V, Spahiu E,Spahiu M. Dentists' knowledge about over the counter-NSAIDs: An emerging need for NSAID-avoidance education. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2020;10(1):070-076.
5. Gurwitz D, McLeod HL. Primum non nocere: adverse drug events must be taken seriously. Pharmacogenomics. 2007;8(4):311-4. doi: 10.2217/14622416.8.4.311. PMID: 17391068.

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