COVID - 19 and Neurology

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Münevver ÇELİK GÖKYİĞİT
İstanbul Gaziosmanpaşa Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Nöroloji Kliniği, İstanbul, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
2019 yılı Aralık ayında, Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nin Wuhan şehrinde görülen bir grup pnömoni olgusunda, deniz ürünleri pazarında satılan gıdalarla ilişkili olduğu düşünülen bir virüs belirlendi.1,2 Bu virüsün, bir yeni koronavirüs SARS-CoV-2 olduğu saptandı ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından COVID-2019 olarak isimlendirildi.

Bu yeni virüs ile ilgili araştırmalar sürerken, virüsün şaşırtıcı yayılma hızı ile enfeksiyon önce tüm Çin'e yayılarak epidemi hâlini aldı. 2020 yılı Şubat ayında, dünyada yaygın olarak birçok ülkede görülmeye başlandı. DSÖ, 2020 yılı Şubat ayında hastalığı 'koronavirus hastalığı 2019' anlamında COVID-19 olarak isimlendirdi ve Mart ayında pandemi ilan etti.

Pandemi ilanından günümüze kadar geçen yaklaşık bir yıl içinde pandemi, sağlık hizmeti yanısıra ekonomik ve sosyal boyutları ile sarsıcı sorunlar yarattı. 3 Tüm sağlık çalışanlarının yakından gördüğü gibi, hastalığın yayılma hızı, büyük çabalara karşın, bilimsel araştırmaların gerektirdiği zaman ve sabrın çok ötesine geçti.4 Önce, hastalığı kısa sürede tanımlama ve böylece tedavi geliştirme çabası ile hızla bildirilen özelliklerin ve bu konuyla ilgili çok sayıda yayının yetersizliği fark edildi.4 Tüm viral hastalıklarda olduğu gibi, hastalıktan korunma yöntemine ağırlık verilerek aşı geliştirme ve aşılama çalışmaları ön plana geçti.

Zamanla, COVID-19 ile ilgili görgü, deneyim ve bilgiler arttı. Bilimsel araştırmalar sonuç vermeye ve gelişmeye devam ediyor.

Nörolojik açıdan bakıldığında, COVID-19'un seyri sırasında sinir sistemi tutulumuna ilişkin yüksek oranda belirti ve bulgu gözleniyordu.5,6 Miyalji, baş ağrısı, ensefalopati ve baş dönmesi gibi yakınma ve belirtiler en sık rastlananlardı. 6 Tat ve koku bozukluklarının kraniyal sinir tutulumu mu olduğu, sık gördüğümüz periferik fasial paralizilerin COVID-19'un kraniyal sinir tutulumu yapmasına mı bağlı olduğu uzun süre tartışıldı. 7 Şiddetli bilişsel veya kardiyorespiratuvar disfonksiyonu olan hastalarda nörolojik semptomların tam olarak anlaşılamayacağı, ancak inme, hareket bozuklukları, motor ve duyu bozuklukları,ataksi ve nöbetlerin nadir görülmekte olduğu bildirildi.8,9 Çin'de kritik hastaların nörolojik tutulumunun daha yüksek oranda, hafif hastaların nörolojik belirtilerinin daha düşük oranda olduğu bildirilmiş, ancak böyle bir ilişki Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde sadece ensefalopati için bulunmuştur.8 Son olarak, COVID-19 hastalarında yüksek oranda nörolojik bozuklukların tespit edildiği, bu olgularda hastanede veya eve gönderildikten sonraki mortalite oranlarının daha yüksek olduğu, nörolojik tutulumun daha çok geçirilen ağır sistemik hastalığın sonucu olduğu bildirildi.

Pandemi sırasında karşılaşılan bir diğer sorun ise, izlenmekte olan nörolojik hastalarda COVID19'un etkileridir.2 Nörolojik komorbiditesi olan, immünsupresan, immünmodulatuar tedavi alan nörolojik hastalarda nasıl tıbbi önlemler alınması gerektiği ayrı bir soru olarak karşımıza çıkmıştır.

Özetle, nörologlar pandemi döneminde COVID-19 ile birkaç alanda uğraşmak zorunda kaldılar. COVID-19'un sinir sistemi tutulumu veya bu enfeksiyonun seyri sırasında ortaya çıkan nörolojik komplikasyonlara ek olarak kronik nörolojik hastalıkları olan hastaların pandemi dönemindeki takip ve tedavileri de ayrı bir sorun olarak belirmiştir.

Bu nedenlerle, Türkiye Klinikleri'nin 'COVID-19 ve Nöroloji' kitabında konular, 'COVID-19 Enfeksiyonu ile Birlikte Görülen Akut Nörolojik Semptom ve Hastalıklar' ile 'Pandemi Dönemi ve COVID-19 Enfeksiyonunun, Nörolojik Komorbiditesi Olanlarda Nörolojik Hastalık ve Tedavisi Üzerine Etkileri, Aşı Uygulaması' şeklinde 2 bölüm olarak ele alındı. Bu çalışmanın COVID-19 konusuna aydınlatıcı katkılar sağlayacağını umuyorum.

Türkiye Klinikleri baş editörü ve bilimsel kuruluna, bu kitapta dünya çapında çözümlenmesi güç sorunlar yaratan COVID-19 konusunda editörlük yapma şansını bana verdikleri için teşekkür ederim.

Prof. Dr. Münevver ÇELİK GÖKYİĞİT
Editör

KAYNAKLAR

1. Elkind MSV, Cucchiara BL, Koralnik IJ. COVID-19: Neurologic complications and management of neurologic conditions. Literature review current through: Mar 2021. Section eds: Biller J, Rabinstein AA, Kasner SE. Deputy ed: Goddeau RP. Official reprint from UpToDate www.uptodate.com 2021 UpToDate, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
2. Manji H, Carr AS, Brownlee WJ, Lunn MP. Neurology in the time of COVID-19. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91(6):568-70.
3. Haleem A, Javaid M, Vaishya R. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic in daily life. Curr Med Res Pract. 2020;10(2):78-9.
4. Han PK, Zikmund-fisher BJ, Duarte CV, Knaus M, Black A, Scherer AM, Fagerlin A. Communication of Scientific Uncertainty about a Novel Pandemic Health Threat: Ambiguity Aversion and Its Mechanisms. J Health Commun. 2018;23(5):435-44.
5. Frontera JA, Sabadia S, Lalchan R, Fang T, Flusty B, Millar-Vernetti P, et al. A Prospective Study of Neurologic Disorders in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in New York City. Neurology. 2021;96(4):e575-86.
6. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, et al. Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. B JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683-90.
7. Doblan A, Kaplama ME, Ak S, Basmacı N, Tarini EZ, Göktaş ŞE, et al. Cranial nerve involvement in COVID-19. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021;42(5):102999.
8. Liotta EM, Batra A, Clark JR, Shlobin NA, Hoffman SC, Orban ZS, et al. Frequent neurologic manifestations and encephalopathy-associated morbidity in Covid-19 patients. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020;7(11):2221-30.
9. Pezzini A, Padovani A. Lifting the mask on neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16(11):636-44.
In December 2019, in a group of pneumonia cases seen in Wuhan, China, a virus was identified and thought to be associated with food sold in the seafood market.1,2 This virus was found to be a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, and the world health organization (WHO) named it as COVID2019.

While research on this new virus continues, the infection first spread to all of China and became an epidemic. In February 2020, it started to be seen widely in many countries around the world. In 2020, WHO named the disease COVID-19 meaning 'corona virus disease 2019' in February and declared a pandemic in March.

In about a year since the pandemic announcement, the pandemic has created unexpected problems with its economic and social dimensions as well as healthcare.3 As all healthcare professionals have observed closely, the rate of disease spread, despite great efforts, far exceeded the time and patience required for scientific research.4 While efforts to identify and cure the disease are going on, the inadequacy of the rapidly reported features and numerous publications were realized.4 Similar to all viral diseases, efforts to develop a vaccine gained importance to prevent the disease.

Over time, experience and knowledge about COVID-19 has increased. Scientific research continues to evolve and shed light on clinical characteristics.

From the neurological perspective, a high rate of signs and symptoms related to nervous system involvement were observed during the course of COVID-19.5,6 Complaints and symptoms such as myalgia, headache, encephalopathy and dizziness were the most common.6 The lesion site of taste and smell disorders and the possibility of the development of facial nerve paralysis during COVID19 have been discussed for a long time.7 It has been also reported that neurological symptoms are not frequent during COVID-19 although the possibility to overlook stroke, movement disorders, motor and sensory disorders, ataxia and seizures in patients with severe cognitive or cardiorespiratory dysfunction.8,9 In China, the ratio of neurological involvement was found high in critically ill patients and low in mild patients.8 However, such a relationship was found only for encephalopathy in the United States.8 Finally, it was reported that neurological involvement was mostly the result of severe systemic disease and mortality rates in hospital or after discharge to home were higher in COVID-19 patients with neurological involvement.

Another problem encountered during the pandemic is the effects of COVID-19 in patients with neurological diseases.2 Medical precautions which should be taken in patients with neurological comorbidities or in patients receiving immunosuppressant and immunomodulatory therapy have emerged as a distinct question.

In summary, neurologists are involved in several aspects of COVID-19. While they have to be alert for the nervous system involvement and neurological complications of COVID-19, the care of the patients with other neurological disorders emerged as another difficulty during pandemic.

For these reasons, the topics in the Türkiye Klinikleri book 'COVID-19 and Neurology' was considered in two parts, namely 'Acute Neurological Symptoms and Diseases Associated with COVID19 Infection' and 'Effects of Pandemic Era and COVID-19 Infection on Neurological Disease and Treatment in Patients with Neurological Comorbidity, Vaccine Administration'. I hope this book will contribute to the work on COVID-19.

I would like to thank the editor-in-chief and scientific committee of Türkiye Klinikleri for giving me the chance to be the editor of this book on COVID-19, which creates hard-to-solve problems all around the world.

Prof. Dr. Münevver ÇELİK GÖKYİĞİT
Editor

REFERENCES

1. Elkind MSV, Cucchiara BL, Koralnik IJ. COVID-19: Neurologic complications and management of neurologic conditions. Literature review current through: Mar 2021. Section eds: Biller J, Rabinstein AA, Kasner SE. Deputy ed: Goddeau RP. Official reprint from UpToDate www.uptodate.com 2021 UpToDate, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
2. Manji H, Carr AS, Brownlee WJ, Lunn MP. Neurology in the time of COVID-19. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91(6):568-70.
3. Haleem A, Javaid M, Vaishya R. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic in daily life. Curr Med Res Pract. 2020;10(2):78-9.
4. Han PK, Zikmund-fisher BJ, Duarte CV, Knaus M, Black A, Scherer AM, Fagerlin A. Communication of Scientific Uncertainty about a Novel Pandemic Health Threat: Ambiguity Aversion and Its Mechanisms. J Health Commun. 2018;23(5):435-44.
5. Frontera JA, Sabadia S, Lalchan R, Fang T, Flusty B, Millar-Vernetti P, et al. A Prospective Study of Neurologic Disorders in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in New York City. Neurology. 2021;96(4):e575-86.
6. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, et al. Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. B JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683-90.
7. Doblan A, Kaplama ME, Ak S, Basmacı N, Tarini EZ, Göktaş ŞE, et al. Cranial nerve involvement in COVID-19. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021;42(5):102999.
8. Liotta EM, Batra A, Clark JR, Shlobin NA, Hoffman SC, Orban ZS, et al. Frequent neurologic manifestations and encephalopathy-associated morbidity in Covid-19 patients. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020;7(11):2221-30.
9. Pezzini A, Padovani A. Lifting the mask on neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16(11):636-44.

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