Increasing Role of Medical Biochemistry During COVID - 19 Pandemic

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Doğan YÜCEL
Lokman Hekim Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Biyokimya ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
İnsanlık hızla yayılan bir pandemiyle karşı karşıya. Ağır akut respiratuvar koronavirüs-2 sendromu (SARS-CoV-2) pandemisi, insanlığın 100 yıldan beri karşı karşıya kaldığı en ciddi halk sağlığı sorunu. Pandemi sırasında laboratuvar tıbbının önemi daha bir gün yüzüne çıktı. Klinik laboratuvarcılar ve bilimciler, SARS-CoV-2 pandemisine karşı kritik bir görev üstlendiler. İlkin, laboratuvar bilimcileri tarafından virüsün genetik yapısı ve vücutta doku ve hücrelerle etkileşimi belirlendi.Ardından, virüsü saptamaya yönelik testler ve hastalığın biyokimyasal takibine ve hastalarda virüse karşı oluşan serolojik antikor cevabına yönelik testler, hep laboratuvarcılar tarafından gerçekleştirildi. Günümüzde SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonunun hızlı tanısı, COVID-19'lu hastaların serolojik takibi, hastanede tedavi gören ağır hastaların biyokimyasal takibi ya da COVID-19'un epidemiyolojik sürveyansı, tümüyle tıbbi laboratuvar hizmetine gerek duyuyor. Günümüzde eksikliklerine rağmen nükleik asit amplifikasyon testleri (NAAT), otoriteler tarafından enfeksiyonun akut fazında tanı için 'altın standardı' olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ve NAAT'lerin temeli 1985'de bir biyokimyacı olan Kary Mullis'in geliştirdiği polimeraz zincir reaksiyonuna (PCR) dayanmaktadır. Gene biyokimyacılar tarafından geliştirilen multipleks gerçek zamanlı PCR, izotermal nükleik asit amplifikasyonu, RNA hedefli ''clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats'' (CRISPR) gibi tekniklere dayanan testler SARS-CoV-2 tanısında kullanılmaktadır. Moleküler testlerden sonra, enfeksiyonun akut döneminde antijen testleri de gittikçe daha çok kullanılır hâle gelmektedir. Ek olarak, antikor testleri; COVID-19 hastalarının enfeksiyon sonrasında, nispeten enfeksiyonun daha sonraki dönemlerinde patojene karşı geliştirdiği immün cevabı değerlendirmek için kullanılmaktadır. Serolojik çalışmalar aynı zamanda aşıya karşı gelişen immün cevabın belirlenmesi ve aşı etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi açısından da esastır.

Öte yandan, konvansiyonel biyokimyasal testlerin önemi küçümsenmemelidir. Konvansiyonel biyokimyasal testler klinisyenlerin karar sürecinde ve hastaların tanı ve takibinde, özellikle de yoğun bakım birimlerinde, hastalığın şiddetinin belirlenmesinde, prognozun saptanmasında, komplikasyonların ve tedaviye cevabın değerlendirilmesinde esastır. Aşağıdaki testler COVID19 hastalarının hastane döneminde yoğun bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır: Tanı için nötrofil, lenfosit ve eozinofil sayımı, C-reaktif protein (CRP), laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH), aspartat aminotransferaz (AST), alanin aminotransferaz (ALT), üre, kreatinin, prokalsitonin (PCT) ve fibrinojen; hastalık şiddetinin belirlenmesinde lenfosit sayımı, LDH, kreatin kinaz MB izoenzimi, kardiyak troponinler, brain natriüretik peptit (BNP) veya NT-proBNP, D-dimer, fibrinojen, CRP, PCT, LDH, protrombin zamanı (PT) ve aktive protrombin zamanı (APTT); prognoz için D-dimer yüksekliği, trombosit düşüklüğü, beyin omurilik sıvısında (BOS) interlökin 6 (IL-6), BOS'ta IL-8 ile birlikte IL-8, tümör nekroz faktör α (TNFα) ve β2-mikroglobulin; tedaviye cevabın izlenmesi için LDH, CK, CRP, AST ve ALT'nin azalışı; komplikasyonlar için PCT, CRP, ferritin, D-dimer, IL-2, IL-7, TNFα, fibrinojen, APTT ve PT'de azalma.

Bu parametreler uygulamada aşırı kullanılmakta olup klinik laboratuvarlarda bazı stok ve tedarik sorunlarının yaşanmasına yol açmıştır.

Pandemi sırasında diğer bir önemli konu personelin bu çok bulaşıcı virüs nedeniyle hastalanmasını önlemeye yönelik önlemler almaktır. Bu amaçla kılavuzlar hazırlanmış ve laboratuvar uzmanlarıyla ve ortamıyla paylaşılmıştır.

Tüm eğitim ve öğretim birimlerinde tıbbi biyokimya asistanlarının eğitimi ve öğretimi de vazgeçilemez bir görevdi. Bu yüzden dijital ortamda uzaktan eğitim tekniklerini kullanarak çok sayıda seminer, kurs ve konferans yapıldı. Zaten uzaktan eğitim tekniklerini öğrenmek zorundaydık ve pandemi bizleri bu yeni gelişmekte olan uzaktan eğitim yollarını öğrenmeye itti. Bu kitapta, ciddi bir genel halk sağlığı sorununa tıbbi biyokimyanın katkısı ve yeni gelişmekte olan eğitim ve öğretim imkânları, her biri kendi alanında yetkin meslektaşlarımız tarafından tüm boyutlarıyla ele alındı.

Sonuç olarak, COVID-19 pandemisinin genel olarak tıbbın, özel olarak laboratuvar tıbbının önemini öne çıkardığı kuşku götürmez (Umuyorum, Türkiye'de merkezi otorite Sağlık Bakanlığı da bu gerçeği görür ve laboratuvar uzmanları ile çalışanlarının özlük haklarını iade eder). Gene de, şartlar ne olursa olsun, tıbbi laboratuvar çalışanları SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonunun tarama, tanı, takip ve tedavisinde yaşamsal rol oynamaya devam edecektir.

Sonuçta laboratuvar bilimcilerinin, diğer tıp mesleklerinin çalışanları, sanayi ve kamu sağlık otoritesiyle birlikte pandeminin üstesinden geleceğine inanıyoruz.

Kitabın hazırlanmasında emeği geçen tüm arkadaşlarıma teşekkür ederim.
Türk Biyokimya Derneği'ne bu fırsatı veren Türkiye Klinikleri'ne teşekkür ederim.

Son olarak, bu kitabı COVID-19 nedeniyle yaşamını yitiren sağlık çalışanlarına ithaf ediyoruz.

Saygılarımla.

Prof. Dr. Doğan YÜCEL
Editör

KAYNAKLAR

1. Yilmaz E, Akyön Y, Serdar M. The molecular footprints of COVID-19. Turk J Biochem. 2020;45(3):241-8.
2. Saatçi E. Newly developed diagnostic methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Turk J Biochem.2020;45(5):465-74.
3. Adeli K. Critical role of laboratory medicine in the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(7):1019- 20.
4. Lippi G, Horvath A, Adeli K. Editorial and executive Summary: IFCC Interim Guidelines on clinical laboratory testing during the COVID19 pandemic. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(12):1965-9.
5. Ponti G, Maccaferri M, Ruini C, Tomasi A, Ozben T. Biomarkers associated withCOVID-19 disease progression. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2020;57(6):389-99.
6. Tomo S, Karli S, Dharmalingam K, Yadav D, Sharma P. The clinical laboratory: a key player in diagnosis and management of COVID19. eJIFCC. 2020;31(4):326-46.
7. Yucel M, Avsar C. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on biochemistry test consumption numbers and variety. Turk J Biochem. 2020;45(3):339-41.
8. Zengi O, Aykal G, Coskun C, Serdar M, Yucel D. COVID-19 laboratory biosafety guide. Turk J Biochem. 2020;45(3):461-3.
Humanity is in a rapidly spreading pandemic environment. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is the most serious public health trouble which humanity has been faced for a hundred years. During the pandemic, the importance of laboratory medicine has become more clear. Clinical laboratorians and scientists have taken on a critical role in the response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. At first, the genetic structure and interaction of the virus with tissues or cells in the body were determined by laboratory scientists. Secondly, assays aiming to detect the virus and then biochemical monitoring of the disease as well as the determination of patients' antibody response against infection by serological assays were all developed by laboratorians. Currently, rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, serological monitoring of the patients with COVID-19, biochemical monitoring of hospitalized patients who severely affected by SARS-CoV-2 or epidemiological surveillance of COVID-19 are all need laboratory medicine services. Despite their shortcomings, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) is accepted as the 'golden standard' for diagnosis during the acute phase of the infection by the authorities today. And, their essential pivot is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) developed by a biochemist, Kary Mullis, in 1985. There have been other molecular assays developed by biochemists such as multiplexed real time - PCR, isothermal nucleic acid amplification, the RNA targeting clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats based assays and they are used for SARS-CoV-2 detection. After molecular assays, antigen testing is becoming more and more common during the acute phase of infection. Additionally, antibody assays are used for the detection of the immune response of the patient with COVID-19 against pathogen during post-infection and relatively later period infection. Serologic studies are also essential for the determination of vaccine efficiency and for the evaluation of the immune response.

On the other hand, the importance of conventional biochemical assays should not be ignored. They are vital for the decision making by clinicians and diagnosis and monitoring of patients, especially those in the intensive care units, grading the severity of the disease, estimating prognosis, and evaluating complications and response to therapy. The following tests are intensively used for patients with COVID-19 during the hospitalization: For diagnosis neutrophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil count, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, creatinine, procalcitonin (PCT) and fibrinogen; for grading severity lymphocyte count, LDH, creatine kinase MB isoenzyme, cardiac troponins, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) or NT-proBNP, D-dimer, fibrinogen, CRP, PCT, LDH, prothrombin time (PT) and activated prothrombin time (APTT); for prognosis increased D-dimer, decreased thrombocyte count, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interleukin-6 (IL-6), CSF IL-8, CSF tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and CSF β2-microglobulin; for monitoring of treatment response decreased LDH, CK, CRP, AST and ALT; and for complications increased PCT, CRP, ferritin, D-dimer, IL-2, IL-7, TNFα, fibrinogen, APTT and PT.

These parameters were overused in practice and some stock and supply problems happened in clinical laboratories.

Another important issue during the pandemic is to take protective measures to prevent staff from getting sick with a very contagious virus. For this aim guidelines were prepared and shared with laboratory specialists and environment.

Education and training of medical biochemistry residents without any interruption was also an indispensable task for all education and training units. Therefore, many webinars, courses, and conferences were organized by the use of distance learning techniques in the digital environment. We had to learn distance learning techniques and the pandemic pushed us to learn these newly developing learning techniques.

In this book, all these aspects of the contribution of medical biochemistry to a serious general public health problem and emerging opportunities in education and training are discussed by my competent colleagues.

In conclusion, there is no doubt that the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical role of laboratory medicine in general and medical biochemistry in particular (I hope the central authority, the Ministry of Health, can also see this reality and restores the personal rights of laboratory specialists and workers in Turkey).

Whatever the conditions, medical laboratory staff will continue to play a vital role in the screening, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

We believe that laboratory scientists along with all medical professionals, industry, and the public health authority, altogether will overcome the pandemic eventually.

I would like to thank all my colleagues for contributing to this book.

I would like to thank Türkiye Klinikleri for giving this opportunity to the Turkish Biochemical Society.

And, last but not least, I would like to dedicate this book to healthcare workers who died from the pandemic.

With my best wishes and regards.

Prof. Dr. Doğan YÜCEL
Editor

REFERENCES

1. Yilmaz E, Akyön Y, Serdar M. The molecular footprints of COVID-19. Turk J Biochem. 2020;45(3):241-8.
2. Saatçi E. Newly developed diagnostic methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Turk J Biochem. 2020;45(5):465-74.
3. Adeli K. Critical role of laboratory medicine in the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(7):1019- 20.
4. Lippi G, Horvath A, Adeli K. Editorial and executive Summary: IFCC Interim Guidelines on clinical laboratory testing during the COVID19 pandemic. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(12):1965-9.
5. Ponti G, Maccaferri M, Ruini C, Tomasi A, Ozben T. Biomarkers associated withCOVID-19 disease progression. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2020;57(6):389-99.
6. Tomo S, Karli S, Dharmalingam K, Yadav D, Sharma P. The clinical laboratory: a key player in diagnosis and management of COVID19. eJIFCC. 2020;31(4):326-46.
7. Yucel M, Avsar C. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on biochemistry test consumption numbers and variety. Turk J Biochem. 2020;45(3):339-41.
8. Zengi O, Aykal G, Coskun C, Serdar M, Yucel D. COVID-19 laboratory biosafety guide. Turk J Biochem. 2020;45(3):461-3.

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login



Contact


Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com