Pandemi Psikolojisi

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Cem Şafak ÇUKURa, Prof. Dr. Özden YALÇINKAYA ALKARb
aAnkara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü, Sosyal Psikoloji ABD, Ankara
bAnkara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü, Klinik Psikoloji ABD, Ankara
Article Language: TR
İlk olarak Aralık 2019 Çin'de ortaya çıkan ve 2020 yılı Mart ayında Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından salgın olarak kabul edilen koronavirüs (COVID-19) her geçen gün daha çok insanın hayatını kaybetmesine ve çok sayıda kişinin yatarak ya da ayaktan tedavi almasına neden olmaktadır. Yaşanılan bu kayıplara ilaveten ülkelerin sağlık sistemini olumsuz etkileyen bu salgın, zaman içinde ekonomik krizlere de yol açmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra sokağa çıkma yasağı, okulların kapatılması, sosyal mesafe gibi kurallarla gündelik yaşamda ciddi değişiklikler meydana gelmiştir. Bu değişiklikler her yaş grubu üzerinde farklı etkilere yol açmıştır. Nitekim hem yetişkinlerde hem de çocuk ve ergenlerde COVID-19'dan sonra artan oranda psikolojik ve ruhsal bozukluklar (öfke kontrol sorunları, depresyon, kaygı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu belirtileri, vb.) koruyucu faktörler ve iyi oluş çerçevesinde gündeme gelmektedir. Her geçen gün özellikle bu salgının bireylerin ruh sağlığı üzerinde nasıl bir etkiye sahip olduğuna yönelik olarak yapılan araştırmaların sayısı artmaktadır. Buna ilaveten bu salgından korunmak için getirilen birtakım sınırlama ve önerilere daha çok uyulması için neler yapılacağına ilişkin de araştırmalar yapılmaktadır.

Bu kitapta, yaklaşık olarak on aydır bütün dünyayı etkisi altına alan COVID-19'u, temel olarak psikoloji bilimi ve uygulamaları çerçevesinde inceleyen derleme ve görgül çalışmalar sistematik olarak bir araya getirilmiştir. Psikoloji çalışmaları alanın zenginliğini yansıtacak şekilde oldukça farklı konulara odaklanmaktadır. Psikoloji alanın farklı alanlarının bakış açıları bu konuda yapılacak yeni çalışmalara öncülük etme potansiyeline sahiptir. Pandemi sürecinin yönetilmesi çabalarına katkı sağlama açısından değerli bir girişim olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu çerçeve de göreceli olarak uzun bir döneme yayılan ve gelişiminin nasıl ilerleyeceği konusunda belirsizler olan pandemi süreci ve etkileri konusunda üç ana kısımdan çalışmalar bir araya getirilmiştir. İlk kısımdaki bölümler temel olarak pandemi süreci ve bu süreçlerde alınan tedbirlerin farklı yaş gruplarında oluşan birey ve aile bireylerin psikolojik sağlık üzerine etkisini inceleyen çalışmalardan oluşmaktadır. Bu bağlamda pandemi sürecinde cinsel sağlık, kayıplar çerçevesinde yas süreci, aile, okul öncesi çocuklar da ve yakın ilişkilerde (çatışma, ilişki doyumu, psikolojik etkiler, iyilik hali, vb.) konulu bölümler bulunmaktadır. İkinci kısımdaki çalışmalar ağırlıklı bir şekilde psikolojinin pandemi sürecinin etkilerini sosyal ve makro çerçevede (sosyoekonomik düzey ve işyerleri) inceleyen çalışmalara odaklanmaktadır. Son kısımdaki çalışmalar ise temel olarak pandemi ile mücadele sürecinde etkili iletişim (mesaj çerçeveleme) ve tedbirlere uyum konusunda sağlık inanç modellerine vurgu yapmaktadır.

Buna göre salgın sürecinde cinsel davranışlarda meydana gelen değişiklikler ve cinsel sağlık hizmetlerine erişimde yaşanılan güçlükler ile salgının aile bağlamında ergenler üzerindeki psikolojik etkileri söz konusu olan bu kitapta derleme çalışmalar olarak ele alınmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra yakınlarını bu virüs nedeniyle kaybeden çok sayıda birey alınan tedbirler nedeniyle cenazeye katılamamış ve rutin veda işlemlerini gerçekleştirememiştir. Bu durum bireyler için uzamış yas riski taşımaktadır ve kitabın ilk bölümünde bu konu ele alınmıştır. COVID-19'la baş etmek adına bireyleri birtakım tedbirlere uymaya teşvik etmek için çok sayıda farklı strateji kullanılmıştır. Bunların bazılarının daha etkili olduğu bir kısmının ise beklenilenin aksi etki yarattığı gözlenmiştir. Kitapta sosyal psikolojinin kuramsal çerçeve ve verilerine dayanarak mesaj çerçeveleme ve iletişim stratejileri derlenmiştir. Bu derlemeyle paralel olarak COVID19 pandemi sürecinde tedbirlere uyanlar ile uymayanlar Sağlık İnanç Modeli Perspektifiyle ele alınmıştır.

Son olarak ''Pandemi Psikolojisi'' kitabında pandemi döneminde iyi oluşu etkileyen faktörler çok uluslu bir çalışmanın verileri bağlamında incelenmiştir. Ayrıca COVID19 nedeniyle gerekli kılınan sosyal mesafenin romantik ilişkilerdeki memnuniyet, bağlanma stilleri ve ikili ilişkilerde çatışma çözme tepkileri üzerindeki etkileri; okul öncesi çocukların duygusal ve davranışsal sorunları; bu süreçte sosyo-ekonomik düzeyin ve ekonomik kaygıların psikolojik iyi oluştaki rolü ve pandeminin örgütsel travma olarak algılanışı ve çalışanların iyi oluşuna etkisi değerlendirilmiştir.

Prof. Dr. Cem Şafak ÇUKUR
Editör

Prof. Dr. Özden YALÇINKAYA ALKAR
Editör
The coronavirus (COVID-19), which first appeared in China in December 2019 and was recognized as an epidemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 202, causes with each passing day, it causes more people to lose their lives and many people to receive inpatient or outpatient treatment. In addition to these losses, this epidemic, which negatively affects the health systems of countries, has also led to economic crises over time. In addition, serious changes have occurred in daily life with rules such as curfew, closing schools, and social distance. These changes have led to different effects on each age group. As a matter of fact, after COVID-19, psychological and mental problems and disorders (anger control problems, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, etc.) in both adults and children and adolescents come to the fore within the framework of protective factors and well-being. The number of researches on the impact of this epidemic on the mental health of individuals is increasing day by day. In addition, researches are being conducted on what to do to better compliance with some limitations and recommendations brought to protect against this epidemic.

In this book, reviews and empirical studies that examine COVID-19, which has been affecting the whole world for about ten months, mainly within the framework of psychology science and practices were systematically gathered together. Psychology studies focus on quite different subjects reflecting the richness of the field. The perspectives of different fields of psychology have the potential to pioneer new studies on this subject. It can be considered as a valuable initiative in terms of contributing to the efforts to manage the pandemic process. In this framework, studies in this issue have been brought together in three main parts on the pandemic process and its effects, which have spread over a relatively long period and are uncertain about how its development will progress. The studies in the first part basically consist of studies examining the effects of pandemic period and the changing rules in this period on the psychological health of individuals and families at different age groups. In this context, there are studies on sexual health during the pandemic process, the grief process within the framework of losses, effects on family, preschool children and close relationships (conflict, relationship satisfaction, psychological effects, well-being, etc.). The studies in the second part mainly focus on studies that examine the effects of the pandemic process of psychology in a social and macro framework (socio-economic level and workplaces). The studies in the last part mainly emphasize the effective communication (message framing) and health belief models in terms of the comliance to the precautions in the process of combating pandemics.

Accordingly, changes in sexual behavior during the epidemic process, difficulties in accessing sexual health services and the psychological effects of the epidemic on adolescents in the context of the family are discussed as rewiev studies in this issue. In addition, many individuals who lost their relatives due to this virus could not attend the funeral and perform routine farewell procedures due to the precautions taken. This situation carries the risk of prolonged grief for individuals, and this issue is discussed in the first part of the book. A number of different strategies have been used to encourage individuals to comply with a number of precautions to deal with COVID-19. It has been observed that some of them are more effective and some of them have the opposite effect than expected. In the issue, message framing and communication strategies are rewieved based on the theoretical framework and data of social psychology. In parallel with this review, those who comply with the precautions and those who do not comply with the COVID-19 pandemic process are discussed with the Perspective of the Health Belief Model.

Finally, in the book of ''Pandemic Psychology'', factors affecting well-being during the pandemic period were examined in the context of the data of a multinational study. In addition, the effects of social distance required by COVID-19 on satisfaction in romantic relationships, attachment styles and conflict resolution responses in close relations; emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children; in this process, the role of socio-economic level and economic concerns in psychological well-being and the perception of pandemic as organizational trauma and its effect on employee wellbeing were evaluated.

Prof. Dr. Cem Şafak ÇUKUR
Editor

Prof. Dr. Özden YALÇINKAYA ALKAR
Editor

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