Psikotarih

.: PREFACE
Ön Söz
Preface
Prof. Dr. Erdinç ÖZTÜRK
İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Adli Tıp ve Adli Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sosyal Bilimler ABD, İstanbul
Article Language: TR
Değerli Bilim İnsanları,

Psikotarih, travma ve dissosiyasyonun yani adeta yüzyıllar boyunca unutulmak istenen bir kâbusa dönüşmüş olan çocuk istismarının hem ihmâl edilmiş gerçek tarihi hem de acı bir serüvenidir. Yeni bir psikoloji bilimi olan psikotarih, yanlış çocuk yetiştirme stilleri ile beslenen bireysel ve toplumsal travmalar ile şiddet olaylarındaki tarihsel motivasyonların analizidir. Psikotarih bu analizi yaparken çocukluk çağı travmaları ile terörizm ve savaşları önleme politikaları adına etkin ve fonksiyonel yeni paradigmaların doğmasını sağlamaya da çalışmaktadır. Psikotarih bize çocukluk çağı travmaları üzerine inşa edilen insanlık tarihini objektif, bilimsel ve yaşanıldığı haliyle ve sert bir şekilde algılanabilecek eleştirel bir üslupla aktarır.

Psikotarih bir başka ifadeyle 'geçmiş' ya da 'tarih' dediğimiz bütün travmatik çocukların kolektif bir anamnezi ve dissosiyatif öyküsüdür. Kuşaklararası bir geçiş gösteren bu kolektif anamnez ve dissosiyatif öykülerdeki bireysel ve toplumsal travmatik yaşantıların dissoanalizi sonucunda günümüzde var olan şiddeti, terörizmi, savaşları, psikopatolojiyi ve daha da önemlisi neden çocuklarımıza yanlış çocuk yetiştirme stillerini uyguladığımızı ve böylelikle onları hâlâ travmatize ve dissosiye ettiğimizi net olarak anlamamızı kolaylaştırmaktadır. Psikotarih görmezlikten geldiğimiz, kaçındığımız, inkâr ettiğimiz ve korktuğumuz travmatik geçmişimizle bizi yüzleştirerek hem kendi çocuklarımız hem de tüm dünyanın çocukları adına daha iyi bir gelecek kurabilmek için dissosiyatif engellerimizi ortadan kaldırmamıza imkân tanır.

Bilindiği üzere yanlış çocuk yetiştirme stilleri ve travmatik yaşantılar, kimliğin oluşumunda kesintilere yol açarak bireylerin ruh sağlığı üzerinde oldukça negatif etkiler bırakabilmektedirler. Çok geniş bir tanım spektrumu olan travmatik yaşantılar, çocukluk çağı travmaları kadar toplumsal şiddeti, terörizmi, ülkelerarası savaşı, iç savaşı, iş ya da ulaşım kazalarını ve doğal afetleri de içermektedir. Ayrıca evlat ayrımının, okutulmamanın, erken yaşta çalıştırılmanın (çocuk işçiliği), erken yaşta evlendirilmenin, psikolojik ya da fiziksel bir hastalık olduğunda doktora götürülmemenin ve şımartılmanın da çocukların ruh sağlığı üzerinde travmatik etkiler bırakabileceğini ve onları dissosiye edebileceğini net bir şekilde ifade edebilirim. Dissosiyatif bozukluklar, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve depresyon çocukluk çağı ve aktüel travmaları olan bireylerde veya savaşa katılan ya da uzun süreli zaman dilimlerinde şiddet ve teröre tanık olan kişilerde en sık görülen ruhsal hastalıklar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Erken yaşta başlayan kronik çocukluk çağı travmalarının etkisiyle oluşan psikiyatrik tanılara 'dissosiyatif savunmalar' eşlik etmekte ya da bu bireylerde sıklıkla dissosiyatif bozukluklar bir eş tanı olarak görülebilmektedir.

Dissosiyatif savunmalara çalışmalarında geniş bir yer veren psikotarihçiler, tarihsel olayların arka planındaki insan davranış ve motivasyonlarının anlaşılmadan, geçmiş ve günümüzü anlamanın mümkün olmadığını düşünmektedirler. Psikotarih, bu konulara dair araştırmalarını yaparken, tarihteki önemli politikacıların konuşmalarını, gazete haberlerini, karikatürleri, belgeleri, kişiler arasındaki mektup ve yazışmalar gibi bulundukları zamana ait kaynakları inceleyerek, bu kaynakların içindeki metaforları ve tekrarlanan kelimeleri analiz ederek bilinçdışı duygu ve düşüncelere dair işaretleri ve anlamları aramaktadır.

Psikotarihte bu işaret ve anlamlar genellikle çocuk algısı, çocukluk çağı travmaları ve çocuk bakım düzeyleri üzerine odaklanır ve bu konular hakkında çarpıcı bilgiler verir. Tarihte ne kadar eskiye gidilirse çocuk algısı ve çocuk bakım düzeyi o kadar primitifleşir ve çocukluk çağı travmalarının sıklığı, şiddeti ve yoğunluğu artar. Çocuk bakımı düzeyinin o denli düşmesinden dolayı geçmişte çocukların, günümüzdeki dissosiye kişiliklerinkine benzeyen korku evlerinde büyüdüklerini söylemek mümkündür. Psikiyatri çalışmaları, dissosiyatif semptomlar erken dönem fiziksel, cinsel ve duygusal istismar arasında doğrudan bir korelasyon olduğunu göstermektedir.

Psikotarihin çalışma alanları oldukça geniş bir uzamda yer almaktadır. Psikotarih genel olarak üç temel alanda çalışmalarını yürütmektedir. Birinci temel alan, çocukluk çağı tarihidir. Bu temel alanda; tarih boyunca çocukların yetiştirilme stilleri, aile kurumunun yapısı ve dinamikleri, çocuk istismarı ve ihmâline karşı toplumların bakış açıları tarihsel analiz yöntemiyle incelenmektedir. İkinci temel alan psikobiyografilerdir. Bu temel alanda, tarihsel öneme sahip kişilere; özellikle dominant liderlere, onların çalışmalarına ve motivasyonlarına odaklanarak çalışmalarını yürütmektedir. Son temel alan ise grup ve ulusların psikolojisidir. Bu temel alanda; geçmişten günümüze toplumların ve grupların diğer gruplar ile olan ilişkileri ve savaşların motivasyonları araştırılmaktadır.

İnsanlığın varoluşundan beri yetişkinlerin çocuk kavramına yaptığı atıfların ve verdiği önemin dönemden döneme değişiklik gösterdiğini psikotarih net olarak ifade etmektedir. Çocuk kavramına özellikle kız çocuklarına yapılan pozitif atıflar ve bu kavrama verilen önem farklı zaman ve kültürlerde içinde yaşanılan toplumun gelişmişlik seviyesi ile doğru orantılı bir şekilde değişim göstermektedir. Görülen bu değişikliklerde gerek insanların bireysel olarak yaşadıkları değişimler gerekse insandan etkilenen toplumların yaşadığı değişimler çocuk yetiştirme stillerinde de oldukça etkili olmaktadır. Bir toplumda görülen çocuk yetiştirme stilleri sadece o toplumda yer alan basit bir özellik olmakla kalmayıp; kültürel unsurların gelişimi ve aktarımı için çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu nedenle bağlanma süreci ile yakından ilişkili olan çocuk yetiştirme stilleri, kültürün aktarımı konusunda duygusal yapıyı belirlemesi açısından kritik bir önem taşımaktadır.

Yaklaşık yirmi beş yıldır çocukluk çağı travmalarını tedavi eden, bu alanla ilgili önleme politikaları ve özgün tedavi modelleri geliştiren, dissosiyasyonla ilgili uluslararası düzeylerdeki eğitimler veren ve kuşaklararası travma geçişi temelli yüksek lisans ve doktora tez danışmanlıkları yapan bir psikotravmatolog olarak psikotarihin klinik psikoloji, psikiyatri ve topluma sağduyulu, sistematik ve kronolojik bir rehberlik yaptığını ifade edebilirim. 'Psikotarih' dersinin travma ve savaşları önleme politikaları adına tıpkı 'psikotravmatoloji' ve 'dissosiyatif bozukluklar' dersleri gibi bütün lisans ve lisansüstü eğitimlerde yer alması, günümüzde bir gereklilik olmuştur. Kanaatimce psikotarih alanında hem çocukluk çağı travmalarını hem de savaş ve terör olaylarını önleyebilmek adına en önemli görev erken yaşta başlayan kronik çocukluk çağı travmalarının bireyin yetişkinliğindeki uzun dönem negatif ruhsal etkilerini saptayabilen ve dissosiyatif bozukluğu olan bireyleri en kısa sürede tedavi edebilen biz psikologlara, dissoanalistlere ve psikotarihçilere düşmektedir.

Prof. Dr. Erdinç ÖZTÜRK
Editör
Dear Scientists,

Psychohistory is both the neglected true history and a painful adventure of trauma and dissociation or in other words child abuse, which virtually transformed into a nightmare that none desired to recall for centuries. Psychohistory, as an emerging branch of psychology, is the analysis of individual and social traumas that feed from non proper child rearing methods and the historical motivations of violence. Psychohistory also endeavors to ensure the birth of new paradigms that are both effective and functional with regard to childhood trauma and terrorism and war prevention policies as it makes this analysis. Psychohistory narrates to us the history of humanity built on childhood traumas, in an objective and scientific manner, as it is experienced and with a critical style that can be perceived harsh.

Psychohistory is, in other words, a collective anamnesis and dissociative narrative that we call 'past' or 'history' which belongs to all traumatic children. Psychohistory makes it easy for us to clearly understand violence, terrorism, wars and psychopathology that results from the dissoanalysis of individual and social traumatic experiences in this collective anamnesis and dissociative narratives that descend from generation to generation, and more importantly why we still raise our children by using the non proper child rearing methods, further traumatizing and dissociating them. Psychohistory enables us to remove our dissociative obstacles in order to build a better future for both our and all the world's children by making us confront the traumatic past which we have ignored, avoided, denied and feared.

As is known, traumatic experiences and the non proper child rearing methods may cause interruptions in identity formation, thus affecting the mental health of individuals negatively. Traumatic experiences are defined in a wide spectrum and include childhood traumas as well as social violence, terrorism, international wars, civil wars, occupational or transportation accidents and natural disasters. Moreover, I can clearly state that parental favoritism, parent-motivated school withdrawal, early employment (child labor), early marriage or not being taken to the doctor in times of sickness and also being pampered may have lasting traumatic effects on the children's mental health and may dissociate them. Dissociative disorders are the most frequent type of mental illnesses seen in individuals who have post-traumatic stress disorder and depression, childhood and active traumas or in those who participated to a war or witnessed violence and terror for long periods of time. Psychiatric diagnoses caused by chronic childhood traumas that begin at an early age are accompanied by 'dissociative defenses' or dissociative disorders can be observed in these individuals as comorbidity.

Psychohistorians who give wide coverage to dissociative defenses in their works think that one cannot understand the past and the present without first understanding the human behaviors and motivations behind historical events. While conducting its investigation in such matters, psychohistory examines resources that belong to a specific date such as the speeches of important politicians of our history, newspaper reports, caricatures and the letters and correspondences between individuals, analyzes the metaphors and the repeated words within these sources and seeks signs and meanings that point out to unconscious emotions and thoughts.

In psychohistory, these signs and meanings generally focus on child perception, childhood traumas and childcare levels, and reveal staggering information about those matters. The more one travels back in history, child perception and the childcare level become more primitive and the frequency and intensity of childhood traumas increase. We can say that these children grew up in horror houses that resemble those of dissociate personalities of present day. Psychiatric studies reveal a direct correlation between the symptoms of dissociative disorder and early physical, sexual and emotional abuse.

Psychohistory's field of study covers a wide range of applications. For the most part, psychohistory performs its studies in three main fields. The first main field is childhood history. This main field examines the methods of child rearing, the structure of family and its dynamics, the stance of societies regarding child abuse and neglect by using the method of historical analysis. The second main field is the psychobiography. This main field performs its studies by focusing on individuals with historical importance; especially the dominant leaders, their works and motivations. The last main field is the psychology of groups and nations. This main field examines the relationships between societies and communities with other groups from past to present and the motivations behind wars.

Psychohistory clearly states that the references made and the importance attached by adults to the concept of 'child' have varied from period to period throughout the history of the mankind. The positive references to the concept of children; especially to the girls, and the emphasis placed on this concept vary in different times and cultures, in direct proportion to the level of development of the society such individuals lived in. The changes experienced by people on an individual level and the changes experienced by societies that are affected by individuals, also greatly influence the methods of child rearing. The methods of child rearing that can be observed in a society are not only a simple characteristic of that society, but hold an important role with regard to the development and transfer of cultural elements. For this reason, child rearing methods that are closely related with the process of attachment holds critical importance for the determination of the emotional structure of transferring the culture.

As a psychotraumatologist who has been treating childhood traumas for about twenty five years, has developed prevention policies and genuine treatment models related to this field of study, who provides training on dissociation at an international level, and as an advisor for many postgraduate and doctoral thesis on the subject of intergenerational transmission of trauma, I can state that psychohistory systematically and chronologically guides psychology, psychiatry and society. Today, it has become a necessity for a 'psychohistory' course to be taught in all undergraduate and postgraduate education programs for the purposes of trauma and war prevention policies along with 'psychotraumatology' and 'dissociative disorders' courses. In my opinion, the most important duty in the field of psychohistory falls upon us, psychologists, dissociation analysts and psychohistorians, who can determine the long term negative psychological effects of chronic childhood traumas and has the ability to treat individuals with dissociative disorders within a short span of time for preventing childhood traumas and events of war and terror.

Prof. Dr. Erdinç ÖZTÜRK
Editor

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