Acute Pain Management in the Emergency Department

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Özlem YİĞİTa, Prof. Dr. Yıldıray ÇETEa
aAkdeniz Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Acil Tıp AD, Antalya, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Ağrı; var olan ya da potansiyel doku hasarının yol açtığı istenmeyen, hoş olmayan rahatsız edici duyusal ve duygusal deneyim olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Akut ağrı; travma, cerrahi ya da akut gelişen medikal bir hastalık gibi bilinen bir nedene bağlı olarak ortaya çıkar, genellikle zaman sınırlıdır, iyileşmenin doğal süreciyle çözülüp biten geçici bir durum söz konusudur. Tıbbi literatürde 1 aydan daha kısa süreli ağrılar akut ağrı olarak tanımlansa da acil servis başvurularındaki ağrı süreleri genellikle daha kısadır.

Kronik ağrı ise; 3 aydan daha uzun süredir devam eden, altta yatan bir medikal durumdan ya da bilinemeyen bir sebepten kaynaklanabilen, yetişkinlerde sık karşılaşılan, iş gücü kaybı ve günlük aktivite kısıtlanmasına yol açan şiddette olabilen ve yaşam kalitesinde azalma, fiziksel fonksiyon kaybı, mental sağlıkta bozulma ile birlikte sağlık sistemine ekonomik yük getiren bir durumdur. Kronik ağrıda, yapısı ve fonksiyonları değişmiş duyusal nöronlarda gelişen periferik ve santral sensitizasyonla ilişkili olarak, ağrı sinyallerinin iletiminin artmasıyla gelişen nöropatik bileşenler söz konusudur.

Erken ve yeterli akut ağrı tedavisi yaparak sensitizasyon gelişmesini önlemek, hastalarda kronik ağrı oluşumunu engellemek için önemlidir. Bu nedenle acil servislere başvuran akut ağrılı durumlarda yapılacak doğru ve etkili ağrı yönetimi, sadece hastanın acil başvurusunda rahatlamasına hizmet etmeyip, kronikleşebilecek bir ağrı sorunu gelişmesini önlemek açısından da önemlidir. Zira kronik ağrılı durumlar da acil servislere sıkça başvuran ve çare arayan bir hasta popülasyonuna yol açmaktadır.

Acil tıp hekimleri günlük çalışma pratiklerinde çok çeşitli ağrılı durumlarla karşılaşmaktadır. Akut ağrılı durumların acil servis toplam başvuruları içindeki oranı, ülkemizde %75-80'lere ulaşmaktadır. İlk önceliğimiz her zaman hastanın hayatını tehdit edebilecek sorunları gözden kaçırmamak, mortalite ve morbidite gelişimini önlemeye çalışmak olsa da acil servislere başvuran hastanın ağrısının sağaltılması da hekimliğin olmazsa olmaz bir komponentidir. Hekimlik, yüzyıllar boyunca insanların ağrılarını azalttığı veya dindirdiği için hep kutsal bir mertebeye konmuştur. M.Ö. 5. yüzyılda yaşamış olan Hipokrat, ''Divinum est opus sedare dolarem - Ağrı dindirmek tanrı sanatıdır.'' diyerek hekimliğin ağrı yönetimindeki yerini yüceltmiştir.

Acil servislerde oligoanalzeji, yani hastaya uygun analjezikler verilerek istenilen ağrısız fonksiyonelliğin sağlanamaması, sık karşılaşılan bir durumdur. Özellikle azınlık gruplar, çocuklar, yaşlılar ve iletişim engeli yaratan durumları olan bireyler, bundan daha fazla etkilenmektedir. Hekimden kaynaklanan; ağrı değerlendirmesinin doğru yapılmaması, önyargılı tutumlar, ilaç yan etkilerinden çekinme gibi faktörler de oligoanaljeziyi artırmaktadır. Acil tıp pratiğinde; hastanın tanısal sürecinde aksama veya gecikmeye yol açmadan, uygun tipte, dozda ve yeterlilikte analjezik kullanımı hedeflenmelidir. Hedef her zaman ağrının tamamen sonlandırılması değildir ama kabul edilebilir fonksiyonel iyileşme yaratacak düzeyde azalma sağlanması amaçlanmalıdır.

Bu kitabımızda, acil serviste akut ağrı yönetimini tüm yönleri ile ele almaya çalıştık. Ağrı değerlendirme ölçekleri, akut ağrı yönetiminde kullanılabilecek opiat türevleri ve opiat dışı analjezik alternatifleri, kullanıma giren yeni ajanlar, yeni uygulama yolları, non farmakolojik uygulamalar, özel hasta gruplarında ve özellikli ağrılı durumlarda kullanılabilecek analjezik seçenekleri farklı konu başlıkları olarak değerli yazarlarımız tarafından hazırlandı.

Yazarlarımızın her biri Akdeniz Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Acil Tıp Anabilim Dalı'nda yolları kesişmiş ve daha sonra ülkenin farklı yerlerinde bilim üretmeye devam etmekte olan acil tıp uzmanlarıdır. ''Akdeniz Acil Ailesi'' ruhu ve emeğiyle ortaya çıkan bu kitabın, günlük pratiğinize etki etmesi ve bir başvuru kaynağı olmasını diliyoruz.

Prof. Dr. Özlem YİĞİT
Editör
Akdeniz Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Acil Tıp AD, Antalya, Türkiye

Prof. Dr. Yıldıray ÇETE
Editör
Akdeniz Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Acil Tıp AD, Antalya, Türkiye
Pain is defined as an unwanted, unpleasant, disturbing sensory and emotional experience caused by existing or potential tissue damage.

In acute pain; there is a known cause such as trauma, surgery or an acutely developing medical disease, and it is usually a temporary process that is time-limited and resolves with the natural process of healing. Although pain lasting less than 1 month is defined as acute pain in the medical literature, the durations are usually shorter when applying to the emergency department.

Chronic pain is a condition that has lasted longer than 3 months, can be caused by an underlying medical condition or an unknown cause, is common in adults, can be severe enough to cause loss of work and restriction of daily activities, and causes an economic burden on the health system along with a decrease in quality of life, loss of physical function, and deterioration in mental health. In chronic pain, there are neuropathic components that develop with increased transmission of pain signals in relation to peripheral and central sensitization developing in sensory neurons with altered structure and functions.

Preventing sensitization by providing early and adequate acute pain treatment is important to prevent chronic pain in patients. Therefore, correct and effective pain management in acute painful cases presenting to emergency departments is necessary not only to provide relief to the patient during emergency admission, but also to prevent the development of a chronic pain problem. Its known that chronic painful conditions also lead to a patient population that frequently presents to emergency departments and seeks a solution.

Emergency physicians encounter a wide variety of painful conditions in their daily work practices. The ratio of acute painful conditions to total emergency department visits reaches 75-80% in our country. Although our first priority is always to not miss the diagnoses that may threaten the patient's life and to try to prevent the development of mortality and morbidity, treating the pain of patients presenting to emergency departments is also an essential component of medicine. Medicine has always been considered sacred for centuries because it reduces or relieves people's pain. Hippocrates, who lived in the 5th century B.C., glorified the place of medicine in pain management by saying, ''Divinum est opus sedare dolorem - Pain relief is the art of God.'

Oligoanalgesia; which is defined as failure to provide the desired painless functionality by administering appropriate analgesics to the patient, is a common situation in emergency departments. Especially minority groups, children, the elderly and individuals with conditions that create communication barriers are more affected by this condition. Factors such as incorrect pain assessment, prejudiced attitudes and fear of drug side effects originating from the physician also increase oligoanalgesia. In emergency medicine practice, the aim should be to use analgesics of the appropriate type, dose and adequacy without causing any delay or disruption in the patient's diagnostic process. The goal is not always to completely end the pain, but to provide a reduction at a level that will create acceptable functional recovery.

In this book, we tried to cover all aspects of acute pain management in the emergency department. Pain assessment scales; opiate derivatives and non-opiate analgesic alternatives that can be used in acute pain management; new agents and new methods that have become available; non-pharmacological applications; analgesic options that can be used in special patient groups and in particularly special painful conditions were prepared by our valuable authors in the sections of this book.

Each of our authors are emergency medicine specialists whose paths crossed at Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Emergency Medicine Department and who later continued to produce science in different parts of the country. We hope that this book, which emerged with the spirit and effort of the ''Akdeniz Emergency Family'', will affect your daily practice and become a reference source.

Prof. Dr. Özlem YİĞİT
Editor
Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Departemnt of Emergency Medicine, Antalya, Türkiye

Prof. Dr. Yıldıray ÇETE
Editor
Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Departemnt of Emergency Medicine, Antalya, Türkiye

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