Pediatric Thrombocyte Diseases

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Lale OLCAY
Başkent Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk Hematolojisi ve Onkolojisi BD, Ankara, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Trombosit hastalıkları hematologların, klinik ve polikliniklerinde en sık rastladıkları hastalıklardandır. Başlıca görevleri hemostazı sağlamak olan trombositlerin, koagulasyonun dışında da önemli yaşamsal işlevleri olduğu gösterilmiştir.

''Ne aradığını bilmiyorsan, bulduğunu anlayamazsın'' sözünde vurgulandığı gibi, bulduğumuz veriyi (semptomların öyküsü, öz/soy geçmiş, fizik inceleme, laboratuvar bulgularından oluşan veri) anlamlandırabilmemiz için, ne aradığımızı bilmemiz, bunun için de ilgili konunun temel bilgilerine hâkim olmamız gereklidir. Bu nedenle, trombosit hastalıkları ile ilgili olan bu kitap hazırlanırken; bilginin günümüzdeki yarılanma ömrünün haftalar/aylara indiği dikkate alınarak konular hakkındaki bilgilerin, olabildiğince güncel ve konsantre edilmiş biçimde sunulması için özel gayret sarfedilmiştir.

Trombosit histoloji ve fizyolojisinin özetlendiği giriş konularından sonra trombositopeni (kalıtsal, edinsel), trombosit fonksiyon bozuklukları (kalıtsal, edinsel), kalitatif ve kantitatif trombosit bozukluklarında laboratuvar tanı yöntemleri, trombositoz, trombositopenik olmayan purpura, trombotik trombositopenik purpura (TTP), hemolitik üremik sendrom (HÜS), antiagregan tedavi ve trombositlerin hemostaz dışındaki işlevleri üzerinde durulmuştur.

Bu kitapta anlatılanlar, günümüzde bilgi ve teknolojide her zamankinden daha güçlü biçimde yaşanan gelişmelere rağmen; klinik uygulamalarımızın temelinde yer alan öykü alma, fizik inceleme yapma ve periferik yayma değerlendirmesinin tanıya ulaşmadaki değerinden hiçbir şey kaybetmediğini de göstermektedir. Örneğin, trombositopeninin etiyolojisinde yer alan faktörler olarak ilaç kullanımı, geçirilmiş enfeksiyon, yapılmış transfüzyon, eşlik eden diğer bulgular (görme/işitme kaybı gibi) ve sistemik hastalıklar; ancak sorgulandığı zaman öğrenilebilir. Fizik incelemede hepatosplenomegali/lenfadenopati varlığı hemotolojik malignitelere yaklaştırırken, morfolojik anormallikler, görme ve işitme bozuklukları; bazıları bir sendromun bir parçası olan kalıtsal trombositopenileri [''trombositopeni ve radius yokluğu (TAR) sendromu'', ''radio-ulnar sinostoz ile birlikte amegakaryositik trombositopeni (ATRUS)'', Fankoni anemisi, diskeratozis konjenita, Shwachman-Diamond sendromu, miyozin ağır zinciri 9 ile ilişkili hastalık (MYH9-RD) gibi] akla getirir. Trombositopeniye bağlı purpuranın, vasküler purpuradan ayrılabilmesi için de öncelikle iyi bir öykü ve fizik inceleme gereklidir. Etilendiamintetraasetik asit (EDTA)'li tüpteki kan kullanılarak yapılan hemogramda trombosit sayısının düşük bulunduğu fakat aynı kandan yapılan periferik yaymada trombosit kümelerinin görüldüğü ''psödotrombositopeni'', periferik yayma incelemesi yapılarak erkenden tanınabilir ve gereksiz ileri incelemelerin önüne geçilebilir. Periferik yayma değerlendirmesinin ilk basamak testlerden biri olarak, diğer pek çok hastalığın ayırıcı tanısında da önemli bir işlevi vardır.

Kitabımızda, polikliniklerimizde sık karşılaştığımız ''immün trombositopeni'' (İTP, eski adıyla ''immün trombositopenik purpura'') tedavisinin, kanama skoruna göre belirlenmesinin önemi vurgulanmış ve kanama skoruna göre değişen tedavi seçenekleri ve ''sadece dikkatli gözlem'' için öngörülen şartlar, en güncel biçimiyle özetlenmiştir. Güncel tedavi rehberlerinde, İTP tedavisinde intravenöz IgG (IVIG) kullanımının, ancak belli şartlarda önerilmesi, çok daha ucuz ve kullanışlı olan metilprednizolonun; ciddi kanamalarda bile IVIG'e eşdeğer olarak sunulmuş olması, dikkat çekicidir.

Kitabımızdaki diğer bazı dikkat çekici noktalar şunlardır: İnsan ve memelilerde trombositler, çekirdeksiz olup ''platelet'' olarak adlandırılırken; aşağı vertebralılarda aynı işlevi gören hücreler çekirdekli olup ''trombosit'' olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Çocukluk çağında görülen trombositoz, çoğunlukla ''reaktif'' olup antitrombosit tedavi, sadece bazı özel durumları olan hastalarda (trombositoza bağlı komplikasyonların geliştiği veya gelişme riskinin yüksek olduğu hastalarda) önerilmektedir. Trombositopeniye mikroanjiopatik hemolitik anemi (MAHA)'nin eşlik ettiği hastalık tabloları, aksi ispatlanana ve ADAMTS13 sonucu çıkana kadar TTP kabul edilmelidir. Hayatı tehdit eden (mortalite %10-20) ve inme riski olan edinsel TTP'de plazmaferez ve steroid tedavisine, tanının kesinleşmesi beklenmeden ve vakit kaybedilmeden başlanmalıdır. Hastanın kanı, daha sonra ADAMTS13 çalışılmak üzere ayrıldıktan sonra plazmaferez hazırlıkları tamamlanıncaya kadar hastaya taze donmuş plazma verilmelidir. Klinisyenler, TTP'de trombosit naklinin genellikle uygun bulunmadığını (acil ve özel durumlar hariç) akılda tutmalıdır. İmmün trombositopenisi remisyona girmiş veya splenektomi yapılmış annelerin bebeklerinde bile, anneden geçen trombosit antikorlarına bağlı olarak trombositopeni görülebileceği unutulmamalıdır.

Kalıtsal kalitatif/kantitatif trombosit hastalıklarının kesin tanısında genetik testlerin özel bir yeri olduğu görülmektedir ve bunların büyük çoğunluğunun ülkemizde yapılır hâle gelmesi sevindiricidir. Trombositlerin koagulasyonun yanısıra; inflamasyon, konak savunması, tümör gelişimi, embriyogenez, anjiogenez, vasküler tonusun sağlanmasında da önemli rolleri vardır. Günümüzde, tümör-trombosit etkileşimini önleyerek tümör metastazını engelleyen ajanlar üzerinde çalışılmaktadır. Yalnız karaciğer ve böbrek hastalıklarında değil, diabetes mellitus, kronik kalp yetmezliği ve Alzheimer hastalığında da trombosit fonksiyon bozukluğu görülebilir. Antidiyabetik ilaçlar ve insulin, bu anormallikleri azaltabilir. Günümüzde çocuklarda, antiagregan olarak aspirin, dipiridamol ve klopidogrel kullanılmaktadır. Ancak çocuklarda antiagregan tedavinin endikasyonları ve izlemi konusunda kanıtlar kısıtlıdır.

Kitabın, okuyuculara yararlı olması dileğiyle; katılımcı tüm değerli yazarlarımıza, Türkiye Klinikleri Yayın Kurulu ve Yazı İşleri Bölümü çalışanlarına en içten teşekkürlerim sunarım.

Prof. Dr. Lale OLCAY
Editör
Başkent Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk Hematolojisi ve Onkolojisi BD, Ankara, Türkiye
Thrombocyte diseases are one of the most common diseases that hematologists encounter in their outpatient and inpatient clinics. Thrombocytes, the major role of which is to ensure the maintenance of hemostasis, were shown to have many important vital functions also, other than coagulation.

As it is assessed in the sentence''You can not understand what you find, if you do not know what you are looking for'', we should know what we are looking for, in order to be able to interpret the data we have found (the data made up of history of symptoms, past and family history, physical examination, laboratory findings) and therefore we should have comprehensive fundamental knowledge of the relevant subject. So, while this book about thrombocyte diseases was being prepared; special effort was made to present the knowledge about the subjects, in actual and concentrated form as much as possible; taking into account that the half-life of knowledge declined to several weeks/months at the present time.

After the introduction subjects which summarized histology and physiology of thrombocytes, thrombocytopenia (inherited/acquired), thrombocyte function defects (inherited, acquired), laboratory diagnostic tools used in diagnosis of qualitative and quantitative thrombocyte disorders, thrombocytosis, nonthrombocytopenic purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), antiagregant treatments and functions of thrombocytes other than hemostasis were emphasised.

Those told in this book also show that inquiry of history of symptoms, physical examination and examination of peripheral blood smear which are the fundamental tools of our clinical practice,has never lost their value in reaching the diagnosis; despite today's knowledge and technology improvement which is more intense than ever. For example, ingestion of drugs, past infections or transfusions, accompanying findings (like loss of auditory and visual acuity) and systemic diseases, as etiological factors of thrombocytopenia can be learned only after inquiry. While presence of hepatosplenomegaly/lymphadenopathy in physical examination leads to the diagnosis of hematologic malignancies; morphological abnormalities, visual and auditory defects suggest inherited thrombocytopenias some of which are components of specific syndromes [like''thrombocytopenia absent radius (TAR) syndrome'', ''amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia with radioulnar synostosis (ATRUS)'', Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, ''myosin heavy chain 9-related disorder (MYH9-RD)'']. First of all, a good history of symptoms and physical examination are also essential for discrimination of vascular purpura from purpura of thrombocytopenia. Pseudothrombocytopenia is characterized by thrombocytopenia detected by the counter which tests the blood in the test tube involving ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). However, there is the presence of thrombocyte clumps in the peripheral blood. It can be diagnosed early by peripheral blood examination and therefore further, unnecessary tests can be avoided. Examination of peripheric blood smear, as one of the first line diagnostic tests, has an important role in the differential diagnosis of many other diseases also.

In the book the importance of determination of therapy of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP, in old nomenclature ''immune thrombocytopenic purpura'') according to bleeding score has been underlined and the therapy choices which change according to bleeding score and the predicted conditions for ''watchful waiting'' has been summarised in its most recent form. It is remarkable that intravenous IgG (IVIG) therapy in ITP is suggested only for special conditions and methylprednisolone which is much cheaper and more practical is presented as equivalent of IVIG even in severe bleeding, in the current therapy guidelines.

Some of other striking points of our book are as follows: While thrombocytes in mammals and humans lack nuclei and are called ''platelets'', the cells with the same function in reptiles and birds contain nuclei and are called ''thrombocytes''. Thrombocytosis in childhood is generally reactive and antithrombocyte therapy is advised only for those under special conditions (in patients who developed or are prone to develop complications of thrombocytosis). Disease settings in which microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) accompanies thrombocytopenia, should be accepted as TTP, until otherwise proven and the result of ADAMTS13 is released. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura which is life threatening (mortality 10-20%) and has risk of stroke should be treated promptly with plasmapheresis and steroids without waiting for the finalization of the diagnosis. After a plasma sample is taken from the patient to be tested for ADAMTS13 later on, the patient should be transfused fresh frozen plasma until the preparations of plasmapheresis is completed. Clinicians should keep it in their mind that thrombocyte transfusion in TTP is generally disapproved (except in urgent and special conditions). It should not be forgotten that thrombocytopenia due to maternal antithrombocyte antibodies can develop in the newborns even if their mothers' ITP is in remission or their mothers underwent splenectomy before.

It is seen that genetic tests have a special importance for the definite diagnosis of inherited qualitative/quantitative thrombocyte diseases and it is a pleasure that the majority of these tests have become available in our country lately. Besides coagulation, thrombocytes also have important roles in inflammation, host defence, tumor development, embryogenesis, angiogenesis and maintenance of vascular tone. Today, studies on agents which destroy tumorthrombocyte interaction and therefore prevent tumor metastasis are underway. Thrombocyte function defects can be present not only in liver and renal diseases, but also in diabetes mellitus, chronic heart failure and Alzheimer disease. Antidiabetic drugs and insulin can decrease these abnormalities. Today in children; aspirin, dipyridamole and clopidogrel are used as antiagregant agents. However, evidence about indications and follow-up of antithrombocyte treatment in children is limited.

I wish that this book will be beneficial to the readers and I wish to cordially thank our all valuable authors, Türkiye Klinikleri Editorial Board and the Editorial Department staff.

Prof. Dr. Lale OLCAY
Editor
Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ankara, Türkiye

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