Guide for Pathologist to Evaluate Muscle and Nerve Biopsies

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Gülden DİNİZ
İzmir Demokrasi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Buca Seyfi Demirsoy Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Patoloji Laboratuvarı, İzmir, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Kas ve sinir biyopsileri kadar el değmemiş, patoloji uzmanlarının pek ilgisini çekmeyen ve patoloji uzmanlık eğitimi sırasında es geçilen başka bir materyal daha yoktur. Çoğu ünlü patoloji ders kitabında kas ve sinir biyopsi bölümleri bile bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle patologlar asistanlık eğitimleri sırasında kas ve sinir biyopsileri hakkında fazla bir şey öğrenmeden uzman olmaktadırlar. Üstelik sadece Türkiye'de değil tüm dünyada 2000'lere dek kas ve sinir biyopsileri başta nöroloji ve pediatrik nöroloji uzmanları olmak üzere klinisyenler tarafından uygulanıp değerlendirilen tetkikler olarak ele alınmıştır. Günümüzde artık yasal olarak patoloji uzmanı olmayan hekimler kas ve sinir biyopsilerini değerlendirip tanı koyamadığı için, eskiden klinikler bünyesinde açılan laboratuvarlar da kapanmıştır. Sonuç olarak ülkemizde özel kas ve sinir biyopsi incelemesi yapılabilen patoloji laboratuvarı sayısı çok azdır.

Aslında özellikle kas biyopsisi çok kapsamlı bir inceleme olup, hastalığa ilişkin çok çeşitli bulgular üretebilir. Sinir biyopsisi ise daha sınırlı bulgular üreten, ancak hastada daha fazla morbiditeye neden olan bir incelemedir. Üstelik her iki tetkik de; sıvı nitrojen kullanımı, frozen kesitler, özel enzim boyamalar ve çizgili kas membran proteinlerine karşı geliştirilmiş diğer dokularda kullanılmayan antikorlar gibi özel malzeme ve ustalık gerektiren işlemler içerir. Örneğin 20 yıldır kas ve sinir biyopsileriyle ilgilenen bir patolog olarak hâlâ enzim boyalar gibi özel boyaları kimyasalları tartıp, pH ayarlayarak hazırlıyorum, hâlâ bu dalda çalışacak teknisyenleri kendim eğitiyorum ve hâlâ eğitimli teknisyenlerin yokluğunda kas ve sinir biyopsilerinin frozen kesitlerini almak da dahil her aşamayı bizzat yapmam gerekebiliyor. Tüm bu meşakkatli laboratuvar işlemleri ve invaziv girişim gerektirmesi nedeniyle günümüzde kas ve sinir biyopsisi endikasyonları giderek daha sınırlı hâle gelmiştir. Üstelik genetik bilimindeki gelişmeler sonucu moleküler incelemelerle, sık görülen birçok kas hastalığına neden olan değişiklikler saptanıp tanı konabilmektedir. Ancak bazı durumlarda hastanın yaşamında fark yaratabilecek bulgu, sadece histopatolojik incelemede belirlenebilmektedir. Örneğin, aralarında ciddi sağkalım farkı olan Becker ve Duchenne musküler distrofilerindeki genetik değişiklikler bire bir aynıdır ve genetik değişikliğin boyutu hastalığın şiddetiyle korelasyon göstermez. Bu nedenle distrofin gen delesyonu olan bir çocuğun kas biyopsisinde kısmen de olsa distrofin proteininin varlığını belirlemek, çocuğun tahmini yaşam beklentisine 30 yıl eklemek anlamına gelir. Günümüzde, oldukça sofistike tedavi yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir ve geliştirilmeye devam etmektedir. Distrofinopatilerin tedavisinin 30 yıl sonra nerede olacağını asla tahmin edemeyeceğimiz çok açıktır. O nedenle her hastada olabildiğince ayırıcı tanıyı yapabilmek ve bu yolla her hastanın yeni geliştirilen tedavi yöntemlerinden yararlanabilmesini sağlamak çok önemlidir.

Nöromusküler hastalıklarla ilgilenmeye başladığımdan beri, her hasta bana Loren Eiseley'nin "Beklenmeyen Evren" kitabında kısa bir deneme olan "Yıldız Atıcı" hikâyesini hatırlatıyor. Daha sonra biraz değiştirilmiş bu hikâye, "Deniz Yıldızı Hikâyesi" olarak bilinir. Okyanus sahilinde yürüyüş yapan bir adam, sahile vurmuş deniz yıldızlarını telaşla denize atan birine rastlar. ''Niçin bunları denize atıyorsunuz?'' diye sorar ve ''Yaşamaları İçin'' yanıtını alır. ''İyi ama burada binlerce deniz yıldızı var. Tümünü kurtaramayacağınıza göre ne fark eder ki?'' diye sorar. Yerden bir deniz yıldızı daha alıp denize atan kişi: ''Bak onun için çok şey fark etti'' diye yanıtlar. Çoğu kez biz hekimlerin temel felsefesi de meslek yaşamları boyunca olabildiğince çok ''deniz yıldızını'' kurtarmak değil midir?

Kitabımızın hastaları için fark yaratabilecek potansiyel ''yıldız atıcı'' patologlara katkıda bulunması dileğiyle...

Prof. Dr. Gülden DİNİZ
Editör
İzmir Demokrasi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Buca Seyfi Demirsoy Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Patoloji Laboratuvarı, İzmir, Türkiye
There is no other material that is as untouched as muscle and nerve biopsies, that pathologists do not care about, and that is skipped during pathology residency training. Most famous pathology textbooks do not even have muscle and nerve biopsy sections. For this reason, pathologists become experts without learning much about muscle and nerve biopsies during their residency training. Moreover, not only in Turkey but also all over the world, muscle and nerve biopsies were considered examinations performed and evaluated by clinicians, especially neurologists and pediatric neurologists, until the 2000s. Since physicians who are not pathologists cannot assess muscle and nerve biopsies and make diagnoses today, laboratories that used to be opened within clinics have also closed. As a result, the number of pathology laboratories in our country where special muscle and nerve biopsy examinations can be performed is very low.

In fact, muscle biopsy is a comprehensive examination that can produce a wide range of findings related to the disease. Nerve biopsy, on the other hand, makes more limited findings, but causes more morbidity in the patient. Moreover, both examinations include procedures that require special materials and expertise, such as the use of liquid nitrogen, frozen sections, special enzyme stains, and antibodies developed against striated muscle membrane proteins that are not used in other tissues. For example, as a pathologist who has been interested in muscle and nerve biopsies for 20 years, I still prepare special stains such as enzyme stains by weighing chemicals and adjusting the pH, I still train technicians who will work in this field myself, and I still have to do every stage myself, including taking frozen sections of muscle and nerve biopsies in the absence of trained technicians. Due to all these laborious laboratory procedures and the need for invasive interventions, muscle, and nerve biopsy indications have become increasingly limited today. Moreover, as a result of developments in genetics, changes that cause many common muscle diseases can be detected and diagnosed with molecular examinations. However, in some cases, the finding that can make a difference in the patient's life can only be determined by histopathological examination. For example, the genetic changes in Becker and Duchenne muscular dystrophies, which have significant survival differences between them, are the same, and the extent of the genetic change does not correlate with the severity of the disease. Therefore, detecting the presence of dystrophin protein, even partially, in a muscle biopsy of a child with a dystrophin gene deletion means adding 30 years to the child's life expectancy. Today, quite sophisticated treatment methods have been developed and continue to be developed. It is clear that we can never predict where the treatment for dystrophinopathies will be in thirty years. Therefore, it is very important to be able to make the most of the differential diagnosis in every patient and to ensure that every patient can benefit from newly developed treatment methods.

Since I became interested in neuromuscular diseases, every patient has reminded me of the story of the "Star Thrower", a short essay in the book "The Unexpected Universe" by Loren Eiseley. This story, later slightly modified, became known as the "Starfish Story". A man walking along the ocean beach comes across someone frantically throwing washed-up starfish back into the sea. "Why are you throwing them back into the sea?" he asks, and the other man replies, "For them to live." "But there are thousands of starfish here. What difference does it make if you can't save them all?" he asks. The person picks up another starfish and throws it back into the sea: "Look, it made a big difference for it." Isn't the basic philosophy of us doctors often to save as many "starfish" as possible throughout our careers?

We hope that book will contribute to potential ''star thrower'' pathologists who can make a difference for their patients...

Prof. Dr. Gülden DİNİZ
Editor
İzmir Democracy University Faculty of Medicine, Buca Seyfi Demirsoy Training and Research Hospital, Pathology Laboratory, İzmir, Türkiye

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