Technology Use and Psychopathology from Infancy to Adolescence

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk AKÇA
Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları AD, Konya, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Teknolojik gelişimler her dönem için hayatımızı kolaylaştıran ve insan refahını artıran yenilikler içermekle birlikte, yeniliklerin insan hayatına girmesi sonucunda bazı sorunları da barındırdığı görülmekte ve bu sorunlara özgü düzenleme gereksinimleri ortaya çıkmaktadır. Teknolojik gelişimlerin baş döndürücü bir hızla ilerlemesi sonucunda toplumlar ve bireyler son yıllarda çok belirgin şekilde teknolojik gelişmelere ayak uydurmak durumunda kalmıştır. Özellikle çocuklar ve gençler, teknolojiyi erken yaşlardan itibaren yoğun bir şekilde kullanmaya başlamış ve bu durum, onların bilişsel, duygusal ve sosyal gelişimleri üzerinde önemli etkiler yaratmıştır. Günümüzde dijital medya, iletişim araçları, video oyunları, sosyal medya platformları ve akıllı telefonlar, çocukların ve ergenlerin hayatlarının vazgeçilmez bir parçası hâline gelmiştir. ''We are Social Digital 2023'' verilerine göre dünya nüfusunun da %64,4'ü (5.26 milyar) internet kullanmaktadır. Türkiye nüfusunun %83,4'ünün (71.38 milyon) internet kullandığı tespit edilmiştir. Ülkemizdeki internet kullanım süresi günlük ortalama 7 saat 24 dakika olarak tespit edilmiştir ve bu süre genel dünya ortalamasının üzerindedir.1 Ülkemizde Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu'nun (TÜİK) 2024 yılında yaptıkları bir araştırmasında çocuklarda internet kullanım oranının %91,3 olduğu bulunmuştur. Çocukların interneti en çok video izleme, ödev yapma, çevrimiçi derslere katılma ve oyun oynama nedeni ile kullandığı bildirilmiştir. Çocuklarda cep telefonu kullanma oranı %76,1, sosyal medya kullanım oranı ise %66,1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Aynı araştırmada çocuklar teknoloji ile vakit geçirmeleri nedeni ile daha az kitap okuduklarını, daha az ders işlediklerini, daha az aileleri ile vakit geçirdiklerini, arkadaşları ile daha az görüştüklerini ve daha az uyuduklarını ifade etmektedirler.2 2022 yılında yapılan bir meta-analiz çalışması çocuklarda internet bağımlılığının tahmini küresel yaygınlığı %13,82 olarak bildirilmiştir.3

Teknoloji, çocuklar ve ergenler için potansiyel fırsatlar sunarken, aynı zamanda ruh sağlığı açısından ciddi riskler de ortaya çıkarabilmektedir. Son yıllarda yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar, teknolojinin çocukların gelişimi üzerindeki etkilerini çok boyutlu olarak inceleme gerekliliği konusunda fikir birliğine varmıştır. Teknoloji kullanımının çocuk ve ergenlerin ruh sağlıkları ile ilgili olarak olumsuz etkilerinin yanında sınırlı da olsa bazı olumlu etkilerinin de bildirildiği alan yazın çalışmalarında görülmektedir. Bebeklik, çocukluk, ergenlik ve erişkinlik insan yaşamının farklı dönemleridir ve her dönemin kendine özgü gelişimsel özellikleri ve ruhsal gereksinimleri bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle her dönemdeki teknoloji kullanımının ruh sağlığına olan etkilerini değerlendirirken, dönemin kendine özgü biyo-psiko-sosyal özelliklerini ve ihtiyaçlarını göz önünde bulundurarak değerlendirme yapmak, teknolojinin ruh sağlığına olan etkisini sağlıklı bir şekilde anlayabilmek açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu nedenle yapılan araştırmalar, her dönem için ruhsal ve gelişimsel açıdan teknolojinin uygunsuz kullanımı bakımından farklı risklerin bulunduğunu ve bu risklere göre farklı önlemler ve uygulamaların hayata geçirilmesi gerektiğini ifade etmektedirler.

Teknolojinin ruhsal, duygusal ve bilişsel alanlarda bebek, çocuk ve gençlerin hayatlarını olumsuz etkilediğine dair birçok araştırma bulunmaktadır. Özellikle bebeklik döneminde ekran temelli teknolojinin uzun süre kullanımının bebeklerin bilişsel, duygusal ve sosyal becerilerinin gelişmesinde önemli sorunlar oluşturabildiği, çalışmalarda ortak görüş olarak bildirilmektedir. Okul dönemi ve sonrasında ise ekran temelli teknolojilerin uzun süreli ve kontrolsüz kullanımı sonucunda dikkat sorunları, davranışsal sorunlar, kendine zarar verme davranışı, intihar girişimleri, depresyon, kaygı bozuklukları, madde kullanım bozuklukları, yeme bozuklukları gibi birçok psikiyatrik bozukluğun gelişebileceği, özellikle yoğun kullanımın bir neticesi olarak uyku kalitesinde bozulma, sosyal iletişimin azalması, siber zorbalık ve bireyin kendi vücudu ile ilgili ulaşılması güç standartlar aramasının, bu psikopatoloji gelişim sürecinde önemli rol oynayabileceği araştırmalarda bildirilmektedir. Diğer yandan araştırmalar, ekran süresinin yanı sıra zaman ayırılan uygulama türlerinin de psikopatoloji gelişmesi açısından önemli olduğunu bildirmektedir. Özellikle sosyal ağ uygulamalarının çocuk ve gençlerde yoğun ve uygunsuz kullanımının, içe dönük ve dışa dönük psikiyatrik bozukluklarla ilgili olduğu vurgulanmaktadır.4 Diğer yandan psikoterapötik uygulamalarda online görüşmelerin sağladığı gizlilik nedeniyle bireylerin ihtiyacı olan psikoterapötik uygulamalara daha düşük maliyetle ve gizlilik içerisinde ulaşılabiliyor olması, psikiyatrik desteğe ihtiyacı olan bireyler açısından önemli kolaylıklar sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca birçok web sitesi veya mobil uygulamalar yardımıyla bireyler psikiyatrik durumları ile ilgili tarama araçlarına daha kolay ulaşmakta ve başvurmaları gereken kaynaklar hakkında bilgileri daha kolay edinebilmektedir. Alan yazında sınırlı araştırma bulunmasına rağmen bazı çalışmalar, uygun süre ve içerikte olmak koşulu ile bazı video oyunlarının çocukların bazı bilişsel becerilerini geliştirebildiğini bildirmektedir.5 Diğer yandan teknoloji kullanımının etkileşim biçimleri de önem arz etmektedir. Teknolojik araçlar yalnızca bireysel kullanıma yönelik değil, aynı zamanda sosyal etkileşimlerin bir parçası olarak da kullanıldığında, çocuklar ve gençler arasındaki sosyal bağları güçlendirebilir. Ancak bu durumun denetimsiz şekilde yapılması, bireylerin ruh sağlığını riske atabilir. Tüm bu riskleri en aza indirmek için tüm dünyada sağlık politikaları geliştiren kurumlar son dönemlerde çocuk ve gençler için ekran temelli teknoloji kullanımı konusunda bazı uyarılar yapmaktadırlar. Örneğin UNESCO yakın zamanda üniversite öncesi okullarda akıllı telefon kullanımının yasaklanmasının, çocukların ruh sağlıkları ve okul başarıları açısından uygun bir yaklaşım olduğu konusunda bir bildiri yayınlamıştır.6 Mevcut kılavuzlar, ebeveynlerin çocuklarına 2 yaşından önce internet cihazlarına erişim izni vermemelerini ve 2-5 yaş arasındaki çocukların ekranı yalnızca yüksek kaliteli etkinliklerle ve ebeveyn gözetiminde günde en fazla 1 saat kullanmalarını önermektedir.7 Daha sonraki yaşlarda ise yaşlarına uygun içerikler olmak koşulu ile sınırlı sürelerde ve erişkin gözetiminde çocuk ve gençlerin internet cihazları kullanımına izin verilmesi önerilmektedir.

Sonuç olarak ekran temelli teknolojinin, özellikle dijital medya ve internetin çocuklar ve gençler üzerindeki etkileri karmaşık ve çok katmanlıdır. Bu etkilerin anlaşılabilmesi için, ekran temelli uygulamaların türüne göre farklı etkilerinin olabileceği akılda tutulmalı ve her yaş döneminin kendine özgü özellikleri, araştırmalarda göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Özellikle, ailelerin ve eğitimcilerin bu konuda bilinçli olmaları ve teknoloji kullanımını yönlendirmeleri büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Bu kitapta; teknoloji kullanımının bebeklik, çocukluk ve ergenlik döneminde ruh sağlığı üzerine olan etkileri döneme ve ruhsal patolojiye özgü olarak, alanında uzman çocuk ve ergen psikiyatristleri tarafından ele alınmış ve okuyucuların bilgilerine sunulmuştur. Bu kitabın hazırlanmasında emeği geçen tüm yazarlarımıza ve Türkiye Klinikleri editöryal ekibine teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Saygılarımla.
Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk AKÇA
Editör
Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları AD, Konya, Türkiye

KAYNAKLAR
1. https://wearesocial.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Digital-2023-Global-Overview-Report.pdf
2. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolo-jileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2024-53638
3. Meng SQ, Cheng JL, Li YY, Yang XQ, Zheng JW, Chang XW, et al. Global prevalence of digital addiction in general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022 ;92:102128.
4. Twenge JM. IGen: Why today's super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy--and completely unprepared for adulthood. Atria Books, 2017.
5. Dye MW, Bavelier D. Differential development of visual attention skills in school-age children. Vision Res. 2010;50(4):452- 9.
6. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/smartphones-school-only-when-they-clearly-support-learning
7. Pazarcikci F. Risk factors for technology addiction in young children ages 2-5 years. J Pediatr Nurs. 2024;78:e141-e147.
Although technological development has brought innovations that have made our lives easier and increased human welfare in every era, it has also been seen to bring some problems due to the introduction of innovations into human life and specific regulatory requirements. As a result of the dizzying pace of technological development, societies and individuals have had to keep up with technological developments in recent years. In particular, children and young people have begun to use technology intensively from an early age, which has had a significant impact on their cognitive, emotional and social development. Today, digital media, communication tools, video games, social media platforms and smartphones have become an indispensable part of children's and young people's lives. According to "We are Social Digital 2023", 64.4% of the world's population (5.26 billion) use the Internet. In Türkiye, 83.4% (71.38 million) of the population use the internet. The average duration of internet use in Türkiye is 7 hours and 24 minutes per day, which is higher than the world average.1 A study conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) in 2024 found that the rate of internet use among children was 91.3%. It was reported that children use the internet mainly for watching videos, doing homework, taking online courses and playing games. The rate of mobile phone use among children was 76.1% and the rate of social media use was 66.1%. In the same study, children reported that they read fewer books, study less, spend less time with their families, see their friends less and sleep less because of the time they spend with technology.2 A meta-analysis conducted in 2022 reported an estimated global prevalence of internet addiction among children of 13.82%.3

While technology offers potential opportunities for children and young people, it can also pose serious risks to their mental health. Recent scientific studies have reached a consensus on the need to consider the impact of technology on children's development in a multidimensional way. In addition to the negative effects of technology use on the mental health of children and adolescents, some positive, albeit limited, effects have been reported in the literature. Infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood are distinct periods of human life, and each has its own developmental characteristics and psychological needs. For this reason, when assessing the effects of technology use on mental health in each period, it is important to consider the specific bio-psycho-social characteristics and needs of the period to understand the influences of technology on mental health in a healthy way. For this reason, studies have shown that there are different risks of inappropriate use of technology in terms of mental and developmental aspects for each age group and that different policies and practices should be implemented according to these risks.

Many studies show that technology hurts the psychological, emotional and cognitive lives of infants, children and young people. Studies agree that long-term use of screen-based technology, especially during infancy, can cause significant problems in the development of young children's cognitive, emotional and social skills. In school age and beyond, long-term and uncontrolled use of screen-based technologies can lead to many psychiatric disorders such as attention problems, conduct problems, self-injurious behavior, suicide attempts, depression, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, especially as a result of intensive use, deterioration of sleep quality, reduced social communication, cyberbullying and the individual's search for unattainable standards for his/her own body may play an important role in the development of this psychopathology. On the other hand, studies have also reported that the types of applications used in addition to screen time are also important for the development of psychopathology. In particular, it has been highlighted that intensive and inappropriate use of social networking applications in children and adolescents is associated with introverted and extroverted psychiatric disorders.4 On the other hand, the fact that psychotherapeutic applications that individuals need can be accessed at a lower cost and in privacy due to the confidentiality of online interviews in psychotherapeutic applications is an important convenience for individuals in need of psychiatric support. In addition, many websites or mobile applications make it easier for individuals to access screening tools related to their psychiatric condition and information about the resources they need to apply. Although there is limited research in the literature, some studies have reported that some video games can improve some cognitive skills in children, provided they are of appropriate duration and content.5 On the other hand, the interactional forms of technology use are also important. When technological tools are used not only for individual use but also as part of social interactions, they can strengthen social bonds between children and young people. However, if this is done in an uncontrolled way, it can put individuals' mental health at risk. To minimize these risks, public health policymakers around the world have recently issued some warnings about the use of screen-based technologies for children and young people. For example, UNESCO recently stated that banning the use of smartphones in pre-university schools is an appropriate approach for children's mental health and academic success.6 Current guidelines recommend that parents should not allow their children access to internet devices before the age of 2 and that children aged 2-5 should use screens for no more than 1 hour per day, with high-quality activities and parental supervision.7 At later ages, it is recommended that children and adolescents should be allowed to use internet devices for limited periods of time and under adult supervision, provided that age-appropriate content is available.

In conclusion, the effects of screen-based technologies, especially digital media and the internet, on children and young people are complex and multifaceted. To understand these effects, it is important to bear in mind that screen-based applications can have different effects depending on their nature and that research should take into account the specific characteristics of each age group. It is particularly important for parents and educators to be aware of this issue and to guide the use of technology.

In this book, the effects of technology use on mental health in infancy, childhood and adolescence are discussed and presented to readers by child and adolescent psychiatrists who are experts in their fields. I would like to thank all the authors who contributed to the preparation of this book and the editorial team of Türkiye Klinikleri.

Sincerely.

Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk AKÇA
Editor
Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Konya, Türkiye

REFERENCES
1. https://wearesocial.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Digital-2023-Global-Overview-Report.pdf
2. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolo-jileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2024-53638
3. Meng SQ, Cheng JL, Li YY, Yang XQ, Zheng JW, Chang XW, et al. Global prevalence of digital addiction in general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022 ;92:102128.
4. Twenge JM. IGen: Why today's super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy--and completely unprepared for adulthood. Atria Books, 2017.
5. Dye MW, Bavelier D. Differential development of visual attention skills in school-age children. Vision Res. 2010;50(4):452- 9.
6. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/smartphones-school-only-when-they-clearly-support-learning
7. Pazarcikci F. Risk factors for technology addiction in young children ages 2-5 years. J Pediatr Nurs. 2024;78:e141-e147.

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5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com