Physical Therapy Agents

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Ayhan KAMANLI
Sakarya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon AD, Romatoloji BD, Sakarya, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon (FTR) uzmanlığı, temel olarak hareket sistemi (kas-iskelet) hastalıklarının tanı, tedavi ve rehabilitasyonuyla uğraşan, diğer tüm sistemlere ait doğumsal ya da edinilmiş hastalıklara bağlı fizyolojik ya da anatomik yetersizliği olan kişilerin, mevcut kapasitelerini en üst düzeye çıkarmak, bağımlılıklarını azaltmak ve yaşam kalitelerini yükseltmek amacıyla yataklı ve yataksız kurumlarda ve toplum içinde rehabilitasyon uygulayan bir tıp dalıdır.

Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon uzmanlık alanı bu kapsamda; her yaştan hastada, fiziksel tıp modaliteleri, medikal ve manipülatif tedavileri, terapötik enjeksiyon ve egzersizleri, ortez ve protezleri ve diğer rehabilitatif yöntemleri kullanarak ağrı, fonksiyon kaybı, yaşam kalitesinde bozulma, özürlülük, engellilik ve sakatlığa yol açabilen başta romatizmal, nörolojik, ortopedik/travmatolojik, kardiyopulmoner ve algolojik hastalıklar olmak üzere tüm sistemlerin primer ya da tamamlayıcı tedavisini içerir.

Fiziksel Tıp; Ülkemizdeki adıyla ''Fizik Tedavi'' evrendeki hemen her türlü fiziksel ajanın tıpta tanı veya tedavi amaçlı kullanımını ifade etmektedir. Bu amaçla, ısı (sıcak veya soğuk), gün ışığı, lazer, enfraruj, ultraviyole, elektrik akımları, ses dalgaları, masaj, manipülasyon, traksiyon, manyetik alan, kısa veya mikro dalga tedavileri, hidroterapi, kaplıca tedavisi gibi Fizik Tedavi ajanlarının tedavide kullanımı ve yöntemlerini ifade etmektedir.

Fizik Tedavi, insanlık tarihinde uzun bir geçmişe sahiptir ve birçok kültürde farklı biçimlerde uygulanmıştır. Antik çağlardan itibaren, insanlar fiziksel aktivite, su ve diğer doğal kaynaklar aracılığıyla sağlıklarını korumaya çalışmışlardır.

Modern fizik tedavinin kökenleri, 19. yüzyılın sonlarına dayanmaktadır. 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru, kas-iskelet sistemi bozukluklarına sahip hastaların tedavisi için fiziksel egzersiz ve manipülasyon kullanılmaya başlandı. Özellikle Kuzey Avrupa ülkelerinde, suyun yararlı etkileri üzerine yapılan araştırmalar, hidroterapinin popülerleşmesine yol açmıştır. Bu dönemde, elektrik ve manyetizma gibi fiziksel ajanların tıbbi amaçlar için kullanımı da dikkat çekti. Elektroterapi ve manyetik alan tedavisi gibi teknikler geliştirilmiştir.

Türkiye'de fizik tedavi ve rehabilitasyonun modern tarihçesi, ülkede modern tıbbın gelişimiyle paralel olarak ilerlemiştir. İlk olarak, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde 19. yüzyılda Avrupa'dan getirilen modern tıbbi uygulamalarla tanışılmıştır. Ancak, fizik tedavi ve rehabilitasyonun özel bir disiplin olarak tanımlanması ve uygulanması daha sonraki yıllarda gerçekleşmiştir.

Türkiye'de fizik tedavi ve rehabilitasyonun ilk adımları, 1920'lerin başında İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi'nde atıldı. Bu dönemde, fizik tedavi ve rehabilitasyonun önemi vurgulanmaya ve bu alanda çalışmak isteyen tıp öğrencileri ve uzmanlar yetiştirilmeye başlandı.

20. yüzyılın başlarında, fizik tedavi alanı daha da genişledi ve bilimsel temellere dayanan yöntemler geliştirildi. Daha etkili tedaviler için fizyoterapi eğitimi ve araştırmaları hız kazandı. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında, askerlerin rehabilite edilmesi ve sakatlanmalarının tedavisi için fizik tedavi önemli bir rol oynadı. Savaş sonrası sakatlanan askerlerin ve savaş sonrası yaralanmaların rehabilitasyonu için bu alanda uzmanlaşmış profesyonellere olan ihtiyaç da arttı.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında, Türkiye'de fizik tedavi ve rehabilitasyon alanında önemli gelişmeler yaşandı. 1950'lerde, Türkiye'de ilk fizik tedavi ve rehabilitasyon merkezleri kurulmaya başlandı. Bu dönemde, Türkiye'nin farklı bölgelerinde fizik tedavi ve rehabilitasyon alanında hizmet veren kurumlar açıldı.

1970'ler ve 1980'lerde, Türkiye'de fizik tedavi ve rehabilitasyon alanında bilimsel araştırmaların ve eğitim programlarının sayısı arttı. Bu dönemde, özellikle üniversitelerde Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon uzmanlık eğitimi (Fiziatrist) veren bölümler, Fizyoterapist ve Fizik Tedavi teknikerleri yetiştiren bölümler kuruldu ve bu alanda lisans ve yüksek lisans programları açıldı.

Türkiye'de fizik tedavi ve rehabilitasyon alanındaki gelişmeler, sağlık sektöründeki diğer ilerlemelerle paralel olarak devam etmektedir ve ülkedeki hastaların sağlık hizmetlerine daha iyi erişimini ve kaliteli tedavi imkânlarını sağlamaya yönelik çabalar sürmektedir.

Bu kitapta, Fizik Tedavi ajanlarının tarihçesinden temel prensiplerine, uygulama yöntemlerinden klinik kullanımına kadar geniş bir kapsam sunmayı amaçladık. Fizik Tedavi Ajanları ile ilgili kapsamlı ve pratik bir kaynak olmasına özen gösterdik. Her bir konu sonrasında okuyucuya kendini test etmesi ve anlatılanları kontrol etmesi amacıyla o konuyla ilgili klasik veya test şeklinde birkaç soru koymaya özen gösterdik. Tüm yazarlarımıza bu güzel çalışmaları nedeniyle teşekkür ediyor, Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon ekibine yararlı olmasını diliyoruz.

Saygılarımızla.

Prof. Dr. Ayhan KAMANLI
Editör
Sakarya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon AD, Romatoloji BD, Sakarya, Türkiye
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR) specialization is mainly concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of movement system (musculoskeletal) diseases, and to maximize the current capacities of people with physiological or anatomical deficiencies due to congenital or acquired diseases of all other systems. It is a branch of medicine that implements rehabilitation in inpatient and non-inpatient institutions and in the community in order to reduce addictions and improve their quality of life.

In this context, the field of expertise in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; In patients of all ages, using physical medicine modalities, medical and manipulative treatments, therapeutic injections and exercises, orthoses and prostheses and other rehabilitative methods, it is used to treat rheumatic, neurological, orthopedic/traumatological problems that can lead to pain, loss of function, deterioration in quality of life, disability, and disability. It includes primary or complementary treatment of all systems, including cardiopulmonary and algological diseases.

Physical Medicine; ''Physical Therapy'' as it is called in our country, refers to the use of almost all kinds of physical agents in the universe for diagnosis or treatment purposes in medicine. For this purpose, the use of Physical Therapy agents such as heat (hot or cold), daylight, laser, infrared, ultraviolet, electric currents, sound waves, massage, manipulation, traction, magnetic field, short or microwave treatments, hydrotherapy, spa treatment. And expresses its methods.

Physical therapy has a long history in human history and has been applied in different ways in many cultures. Since ancient times, people have tried to maintain their health through physical activity, water and other natural resources.

The origins of modern physical therapy date back to the late 19th century. Towards the end of the 19th century, physical exercise and manipulation began to be used to treat patients with musculoskeletal disorders. Particularly in Northern European countries, research on the beneficial effects of water led to the popularization of hydrotherapy. During this period, the use of physical agents such as electricity and magnetism for medical purposes also attracted attention. Techniques such as electrotherapy and magnetic field therapy have been developed.

The modern history of physical therapy and rehabilitation in Türkiye has progressed in parallel with the development of modern medicine in the country. Firstly, modern medical practices brought from Europe in the 19th century were introduced during the Ottoman Empire. However, physical therapy and rehabilitation was defined and implemented as a special discipline in later years.

The first steps of physical therapy and rehabilitation in Türkiye were taken at Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine in the early 1920s. During this period, the importance of physical therapy and rehabilitation began to be emphasized, and medical students and specialists who wanted to work in this field began to be trained.

In the early 20th century, the field of physical therapy expanded further and scientifically based methods were developed. Physiotherapy education and research have accelerated for more effective treatments. During Second World War, physical therapy played an important role in rehabilitating soldiers and treating their injuries. The need for professionals specialized in this field has increased for the rehabilitation of injured soldiers and post-war injuries.

After the Second World War, significant developments took place in the field of physical therapy and rehabilitation in Türkiye. In the 1950s, the first physical therapy and rehabilitation centers began to be established in Türkiye. During this period, institutions providing services in the field of physical therapy and rehabilitation were opened in different regions of Türkiye.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the number of scientific research and training programs in the field of physical therapy and rehabilitation increased in Türkiye. During this period, especially university departments providing Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation specialist training (Physiatrist), departments that train Physiotherapists and Physical Therapy technicians were established, and undergraduate and graduate programs were opened in this field.

Today, the field of physical therapy and rehabilitation is developing rapidly in Türkiye. There are many modern physical therapy and rehabilitation centers in the country, and treatment services are provided in accordance with international standards. In addition, the number of experts working in this field and the number of academic research are constantly increasing.

In this book, we aimed to provide a broad scope of Physical Therapy Agents, from their history to their basic principles, from their application methods to their clinical use. We have taken care to make it a comprehensive and practical resource about Physical Therapy Agents. After each topic, we took care to include a few questions about that topic for the reader to test himself and check what was explained. We would like to thank all our authors for their beautiful work and hope that it will be useful to the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation team.

Kind regards.

Prof. Dr. Ayhan KAMANLI
Editor
Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Division of Rheumatology, Sakarya, Türkiye

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