Helicobacter pylori

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Özlem YILMAZa, Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Nazime ŞENb
aDokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji AD, Emekli Öğretim Üyesi, İzmir, Türkiye
bİstanbul Okan Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji AD, İstanbul, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Bu kitabın sizlerle buluşmasında büyük rolü ve emeği olan, H. pylori'yi bana sevdiren, bu bilimsel yaşantıya dâhil olmamızı sağlayan, bizi dünya Helicobacter ailemize kazandıran, kendisinden sonra da birçok öğrencime örnek olan, güçlü ve dürüst bilimsel ve akademik değerlere sahip bir hekim, benim ilk gözağrım, çok değerlim, ilk ve tek tıpta uzmanlık öğrencim Dr. Öğr. Üyesi sevgili Nazime Şen'e, bana ve bilimin ışığına güvenen çok değerlime en içten teşekkürlerimle...

Prof. Dr. Özlem YILMAZ
Editör
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji AD, Emekli Öğretim Üyesi, İzmir, Türkiye

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) ve gastroduodenal hastalıklardaki rolünün keşfi, bakteriyoloji ve gastroenteroloji alanlarında son yılların en çığır açan buluşlarından biridir. H. pylori binlerce yıl boyunca insan ile birlikte evrimleşen; gastrik mukozaya son derece iyi adapte olmuş, Gram negatif, spiral yapıda, hareketli bir bakteridir. 1800'lü yılların sonlarından itibaren bilim insanları gastrik örneklerde spiral mikroorganizmalar bildirmişlerdir. Ancak, midenin asidik ortamında bakterilerin yaşayamayacağına dair dogmatik düşünce ve kültürde üretilememesi, H. pylori'nin gastrointestinal sistem hastalıkları ile ilişkisinin kabulünü geciktirmiştir. H. pylori'yi keşfeden ve gastrit ile peptik ülser hastalığındaki rolünü açıklayan bilim insanları Barry J. Marshall ve J. Robin Warren, 1982'de mutlu bir tesadüf eseri beş günlük Paskalya tatilinden döndüklerinde, küçük şeffaf bakteri kolonilerinin ürediğini görmüşler ve bu buluşları ile 2005'te Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü'ne layık görülmüşlerdir.

Günümüze kadar yapılan birçok çalışmada, H. pylori'nin malign ve malign olmayan üst gastrointestinal sistem hastalıklarına neden olduğu ve bazı ekstragastrik hastalıkların etiyolojisinde yer aldığı gösterilmiştir. H. pylori, dünya nüfusunun yaklaşık yarısının enfekte olduğu kronik bakteriyel enfeksiyon etkenidir ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından gastrik kanser ile ilişkisi nedeniyle kanserojen ilan edilmiştir. Dünya genelinde gastrik kanserlerin yaklaşık %90'ı H. pylori enfeksiyonu ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. 2015'de H. pylori gastritine ilişkin Kyoto küresel uzlaşı raporunda enfeksiyöz bir hastalık olarak tanımlanan H. pylori gastritinin semptomlarla ilişkili olsun veya olmasın tedavi edilmesi gerektiği belirtilmiştir. H. pylori gastriti uluslararası hastalık sınıflandırması (ICD) 11. revizyonuna dâhil edilmiştir.

H. pylori gastritinin başarılı tedavisi inflamasyonlu gastrik mukozanın iyileşmesini sağlar ve ciddi komplikasyonlar önlenebilir. Ancak son yıllarda gözlenen eradikasyon tedavisinin etkinliğindeki azalmanın ana nedeni, H. pylori'de antimikrobiyal direnç artışıdır. Klaritromisine dirençli H. pylori DSÖ'nün antibiyotiklere dirençli tehlikeli patojenler listesinde yüksek öncelikli kategoride yer alır ve antibiyotik geliştirme çalışmalarında önceliklidir. Bu nedenlerle H. pylori enfeksiyonunun yönetiminde düzenli güncellemeler gerekmektedir. Farklı klinik senaryoların tanımlanması, uygun testlerin seçilmesi, komplikasyonların önlenmesinde etkin stratejilerin benimsenmesi, enfeksiyonun tedavisi, artan antimikrobiyal direnç konuları periyodik olarak Maastricht/Floransa konsensus toplantılarında ele alınmaktadır. H. Pylori enfeksiyonunun yönetiminde kaydedilen ilerleme, son olarak H. pylori enfeksiyonunun yönetimi: Maastricht VI/Floransa uzlaşı raporu ile güncellenmiştir.

Bizim H. pylori ile yolculuğumuz tıpta uzmanlık öğrencisi olarak ihtisasa başladığım 2000 yılında, asistanı olduğum Özlem hocamızın makale saatinde Prof. Dr. Francis Mégraud'un bir makalesini tartışmamız ve kendisine mail göndermemizle başladı. Prof. Dr. Adrian Lee'nin Avustralya'dan posta ile makalesini göndermesi, Prof. Dr. Francis Mégraud'un Bordeaux Fransa'dan H. pylori standart suşlarının DNA'larını göndermesi ve bilimsel destekleri bizi yüreklendirdi. Ancak bu nazlı bakteri ile çalışmanın güçlüklerini de dile getirdiler. Malatya Moleküler Mikrobiyoloji Kursu'nda Prof. Dr. Rıza Durmaz ile moleküler yöntemlerdeki kazanılan deneyimler, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı'nda yapılan moleküler çalışmalar, Hacettepe Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı'nda Prof. Dr. Yakut Akyön Yılmaz ile yaptığımız H. pylori ile ön çalışmalarımız yol gösterici oldu. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Gastroenteroloji Bilim Dalı'nda Prof. Dr. İlkay Şimşek ve diğer öğretim üyelerinin işbirliği ile klinikte aktif çalışma fırsatını buldum; çalışmalarımızın klinik aşamasını gerçekleştirdik ve klinik-laboratuvar işbirliği sağlandı. Tüm dünyada bu konuda çalışan duayen isimler ile iletişimlerimiz sonrasında dünya ''Helicobacter'' ailesine dahil olduk.

Gönül verdiğimiz H. pylori ile yurtiçi ve yurtdışında sunduğumuz çalışmalarımızın yanısıra tez çalışmamızda H. pylori gaita PCR testinde yeni modifiye bir PCR yöntemi (reamplifikasyon) geliştirmem üzerine bu yöntemi laboratuvarında uygulamak, paylaşmak, H. pylori gaita real-time PCR çalışmak ve klaritromisin direncini saptamak amacıyla, Prof. Dr. Francis Mégraud tarafından ''Université Victor Segalen Faculté de Médecine Laboratoire de Bactériologie Bordeaux-France''a davet edildim. Birlikte çalıştığımız süreçte her iki H. pylori gaita PCR yöntemini de uygulayarak çalışmamızın yurtdışı basamağını da gerçekleştirdik. Viyana'da katıldığımız Avrupa Helicobacter Çalışma Grubu Kongresi'nde sunumlarımız büyük ilgi topladı; dünyada bu konuda çalışan bilim insanları ile yüzyüze tanışma ve çalışma davetleri almamıza vesile oldu.

Bu uzun, zahmetli bir o kadar da zevkli süreçte bizi başından beri destekleyen; laboratuvarlarını açan ve birlikte çalışma fırsatını bulduğumuz Avrupa Helicobacter & Mikrobiyota Çalışma Grubu (EHMSG) kurucu üyesi ve Genel Sekreteri, Fransa Campylobacter ve Helicobacter Ulusal Referans Merkezi Bilimsel Direktörü Prof. Dr. Francis Mégraud'a, her zaman yardımlarını bizden esirgemeyen, mütevazi kişiliği ile bize destek olan EHMSG onursal üyesi Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TexasGastroenteroloji'den Prof. Dr. David Graham'a, EHMSG üyesi Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas-Gastroenteroloji ve Oita Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çevresel ve Önleyici Tıp Bölümü, Yufu'dan Prof. Dr. Yoshio Yamaoka'ya, EHMSG onursal üyesi merhum Prof. Dr. Adrian Lee'ye, New York Üniversitesi Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji'den Doç. Dr. Guillermo Pérez-Pérez'e ve Asalia Olivares de Perez'e bilimsel ve manevi katkılarının yanısıra güzel dostlukları için minnettarız, teşekkürlerimizi sunuyoruz.

H. pylori ile başladığımız yolculuğumuzda, bilgilerimizi güncelleyerek bu özel bakteri ile ilgili bir kitap hazırlamak sizlerle buluşturmak istedik.

Türkiye Klinikleri ''Helicobacter pylori'' kitabı, iki bölümden oluşmaktadır: Birinci bölüm ''Temel Bilgiler''de; H. pylori tarihçesi, genel özellikleri ve enfeksiyonun patogenezi, histopatolojik özellikleri, epidemiyoloji, tanı, antimikrobiyal direnç, biyofilm oluşumu, gastrik mikrobiyota ve diğer Helikobakterler, H. pylori enfeksiyonu immünolojisi ve aşı çalışmaları konuları yer almaktadır. İkinci bölüm ''Klinik ve Tedavi'' bölümü ise H. pylori ve gastrik maligniteler ve malign olmayan üst gastrointestinal sistem hastalıkları, ekstragastrik hastalıklar, H. pylori enfeksiyonu tedavisi ve çocuklarda H. pylori enfeksiyonu konularını içermektedir.

Türkiye'nin dört bir yanından, çok değerli bilim insanlarından oluşan akademik yazar grubumuza, yoğun rutin ve akademik çalışmalarının arasında zaman ayırıp katkıda bulundukları için teşekkürlerimizi sunuyoruz. Ayrıca Türkiye Klinikleri yönetim kurulu başkanı Prof. Dr. Hikmet Akgül başta olmak üzere Türkiye Klinikleri yöneticileri ve yazı işleri çalışanlarına sabır ve hoşgörüleri için şükranlarımızı sunuyoruz. Ailelerimize de gösterdikleri anlayış için teşekkür ederiz.

Okuyucuya faydalı olması dileklerimizle...

Prof. Dr. Özlem YILMAZ
Editör
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji AD, Emekli Öğretim Üyesi, İzmir, Türkiye

Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Nazime ŞEN
Editör
İstanbul Okan Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji AD, İstanbul, Türkiye
My heartfelt thanks to Assistant Prof. Dr. Nazime Şen, my first and only medical specialty student, who made a significant contribution to this book. She introduced me to H. pylori, instilled in me a love for this bacterium, enabled us to be a part of this scientific journey, and integrated us to become part of the global Helicobacter family. She is a medical doctor with strong and honest scientific and academic values, who has been a role model for my other students. With my sincere gratitude I extend my heartfelt thanks to my very precious one, my dear Nazime Şen, for her trust in me and the light of science...

Prof. Dr. Özlem YILMAZ
Editor
Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Retired Faculty Member, İzmir, Türkiye

The discovery of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and its role in gastroduodenal diseases is one of the most groundbreaking discoveries in bacteriology and gastroenterology in recent years. H. pylori is a Gram-negative, spiral-shaped, motile bacterium that has evolved alongside humans for thousands of years, highly adapted to the gastric mucosa. Since the late 1800s, scientists have reported spiral microorganisms in gastric samples. However, the dogmatic belief that bacteria could not survive in the acidic environment of the stomach and the inability to culture H. pylori delayed the acceptance of its association with gastrointestinal diseases. The scientists Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren, who discovered H. pylori and elucidated its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, observed small transparent bacterial colonies after returning from a five-day Easter holiday in 1982. Their discovery earned them the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2005.

Numerous studies have shown that H. pylori causes both malignant and non-malignant upper gastrointestinal diseases and plays a role in the etiology of some extra-gastric diseases. H. pylori is a chronic bacterial infection that infects approximately half of the world's population and has been declared a carcinogen by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its association with gastric cancer. Approximately 90% of gastric cancers worldwide are related to H. pylori infection. The Kyoto global consensus report on H. pylori gastritis, published in 2015, defined it as an infectious disease, stated that H. pylori gastritis should be treated, regardless of symptoms. H. pylori gastritis has been included in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

Successful treatment of H. pylori gastritis allows the healing of the inflamed gastric mucosa and can prevent serious complications. However, the main reason for the decrease in the effectiveness of eradication therapy in recent years is the increase in antimicrobial resistance in H. pylori. Clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori is listed as a high-priority pathogen by the WHO due to its resistance to antibiotics, and is prioritized in antibiotic development studies. Therefore, regular updates are required in the management of H. pylori infection. The identification of different clinical scenarios, selection of appropriate tests, adoption of effective strategies to prevent complications, treatment of the infection, and increasing antimicrobial resistance are periodically discussed at the Maastricht/Florence consensus meetings. The progress made in the management of H. pylori infection has been recently updated in the Maastricht VI/Florence consensus report.

Our journey with H. pylori began in the year 2000 when I started my medical specialty training. During an article discussion session with my mentor, Dr. Özlem, we discussed a paper by Prof. Dr. Francis Mégraud and sent him an email. Prof. Dr. Adrian Lee sent his paper from Australia by mail, and Prof. Dr. Francis Mégraud sent the DNA of standard H. pylori strains from Bordeaux, France, providing scientific support that encouraged us. However, they also mentioned the difficulties of working with this delicate bacterium. The experiences gained in molecular methods at the Malatya Molecular Microbiology Course with Prof. Dr. Rıza Durmaz, and also the molecular studies at Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, and preliminary studies with H. pylori at Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology with Prof. Dr. Yakut Akyön Yılmaz were guiding. I had the opportunity to actively work in the clinic through the collaboration with Prof. Dr. İlkay Şimşek and other faculty members at the Gastroenterology Department of Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine; we conducted and completed the clinical phase of our studies, establishing clinical-laboratory collaboration. Following communications with prominent and leading experts in this field worldwide, we became part of the global ''Helicobacter'' family.

In addition to our studies on H. pylori presented both nationally and internationally, our thesis focused on developing a new modified PCR method (reamplification) for H. pylori stool PCR testing. I was invited by Prof. Dr. Francis Mégraud to the ''Université Victor Segalen Faculté de Médecine Laboratoire de Bactériologie BordeauxFrance'' to apply, share, and work for this new test, and H. pylori stool real-time PCR test and to detect clarithromycin resistance. During our collaboration, we applied both H. pylori stool PCR methods, completing the international phase of our study. Our presentations at the European Helicobacter Study Group Congress in Vienna attracted significant interest, allowing us to meet and receive collaboration invitations from scientists working in this field worldwide.

We would like to thank Prof. Dr. Francis Mégraud, founding member and General Secretary of the European Helicobacter & Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG) and Scientific Director of the French National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters has supported us from the beginning in this long, laborious and enjoyable process and opened their laboratories, and allowed us to collaborate; Prof. Dr. David Graham, an honorary member of EHMSG from Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, Gastroenterology, who always supported us with his humble personality; Prof. Dr. Yoshio Yamaoka an EHMSG member from Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas, Gastroenterology, and Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Yufu,; the late Prof. Dr. Adrian Lee, an honorary member of EHMSG; Assoc. Prof. Dr. Guillermo PérezPérez and Asalia Olivares de Perez from New York University, Medical Microbiology Department for their scientific and moral contributions and their wonderful friendships.

In our journey with H. pylori, we wanted to led us to update our knowledge and prepare a book on this unique and special bacterium to share with you. The book of Türkiye Klinikleri ''Helicobacter pylori'' consists of two sections: The first section, ''Basic Information,'' contains the history of H. pylori, its general characteristics and pathogenesis of infection, histopathological features, epidemiology, diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, gastric microbiota, and other Helicobacters, immunology of H. pylori infection, and vaccine studies. The second section, ''Clinics and Treatment,'' includes H. pylori and gastric malignancies, non-malignant upper gastrointestinal diseases, extra-gastric diseases, treatment of H. pylori infection, and H. pylori infection in children.

We extend our gratitude to our academic author group, comprised of esteemed scientists from all over Türkiye, for their contributions despite their busy routine and academic working schedules. We also thank the Turkish Clinics management board, particularly the chairman of the board, Prof. Dr. Hikmet Akgül, as well as the Türkiye Klinikleri managers and editorial staff for their patience and tolerance. We also thank our families for their understanding.

We hope that this book will be useful to the readers...

Prof. Dr. Özlem YILMAZ
Editor
Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Retired Faculty Member, İzmir, Türkiye

Assist. Prof. Nazime ŞEN
Editor
İstanbul Okan University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, İstanbul, Türkiye

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"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com