A Holistic Approach To Gastrointestinal Imaging

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Dilek OĞUZ
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Gastroenteroloji BD, Çanakkale, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Gastroenteroloji, sindirim sistemini ve hastalıklarını inceleyen bir bilim dalıdır. Sindirim sistemi özofagus, mide, ince ve kalın bağırsaklar olmak üzere tübüler organlar ile karaciğer, pankreas ve safra kesesi ve safra yollarından oluşmaktadır. Endoskopik işlemler ve ultrasonografik görüntüleme teknikleri ile diğer kesitsel görüntüleme yöntemleri; gastrointestinal sistemi incelemek, hastalıklarını tanımak için yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Gastrointestinal endoskopi, gastroenterolojinin temel muayene yöntemlerindendir. İlk gastrik endoskop ''elektroskop'' olarak adlandırılmış olup 80 yıl önce Bruenning tarafından tasarlanmıştır. Daha sonraları 1932'de semifleksibl gastroskop Schindler tarafından yapılmıştır. Rudolph Schindler, gastroskopun babasıdır. Ancak fiber optik gastroskopa kadar 25 yıl geçecek ve Basil Hirshowitz 1957'de fiber optik gastroskopun ilk prototipini ortaya koyacaktır. O günlerden bugünlere teknolojik gelişmelerin hızı oldukça çarpıcı olup, bazen bunu yakalamak oldukça zordur. Endoskopik ultrasonografi (EUS); endoskopun ultrasonograf ile birleşmesinin sonucunda ortaya çıkan ve gastrointestinal hastalıkların tanısında önemli bir yere sahip olan bir görüntüleme yöntemidir. Gastrointestinal lümeni 1950'lerin sonlarından itibaren günümüze en gelişmiş teknoloji ile görüntülerken ilk prototiplerinin 1980'lerde oluşmaya başladığı EUS ile de gastrointestinal duvarı tüm katları ile değerlendirip, kanserlerini evreleyebilmekteyiz. Gastrointestinal duvara bitişik tüm organları çok yüksek çözünürlük ile sadece 3-4 mm.lik duvar engeli ile görüntüleyebilmekteyiz. Sadece gastrointestinal organları değil aynı zamanda komşu tüm organların değerlendirilmesini gastrointestinal lümeni yol olarak kullanarak gerçekleştirilebilmekteyiz. Günümüzde ise özellikle son dekatta lümene yakın tüm organlar için önceden cerrahi olarak yapılan bazı işlemlerin endoskopik olarak yapılabilmesi ve girişimsel tedavinin uygulanabilmesi mümkün olmaya başlamıştır.

Deneysel hayvan çalışmaları ile başlayan EUS, o dönemlerden zamanımıza hızla gelişmiş ve gastroenterologların ayrılmaz parçası hâline gelmiştir. Özelikle de başta pankreatobiliyer sistem olmak üzere tüm gastointestinal hastalıkların tanısı, kanserlerinin evrelenmesi ve yönetiminin yanı sıra, özofagus komşuluğu nedeni ile posterior mediastenin değerlendirilebilmesi ve küçük hücre dışı akciğer kanserlerinin evrelenmesinde tamamlayıcı olarak yer almıştır. Ulaşılması zor anatomik bölgeler dahil yüksek duyarlılıkta görüntü sağlayabilmesi, endoskopun çalışma kanalından geçen enstrumanlarla girişimsel işlemlerin ve tedavinin yapılabilmesi temel avantajlarındandır.

EUS kılavuzluğunda yapılan tedavi işlemlerinin sayısı giderek artmakta, yeni teknolojiler sayesinde de klinik pratikte uygulanışı önem kazanmaktadır. EUS kılavuzluğunda yapılan kistogastrostomi, çölyak pleksusu blokajı, biliyer girişimler, pankreatik drenaj, gastrojejunostomi ve tümör ablasyonu günümüzde geldiğimiz noktayı açıklamak için yeterlidir.

Türkiye'de kullanımına; 1990 yılların başında sırasıyla, Ankara Gülhane Askeri Tıp Fakültesi, Türkiye Yüksek İhtisas Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi ve Ege Üniversitesi Namık Kemal Menteş Gastroenteroloji Kliniğinde olmak üzere üç büyük merkezde başlanmıştır. Ancak 2000'li yılların ortasına kadar hem ilgi hem eğitim olarak Türkiye'deki ilerleme, dünyadakinin aksine yavaş olmuştur. Daha sonraları hızla yayılmaya başlamış, eğitimi ve programları hâlâ istenilen ölçüde olmasa da, iyi noktalara getirilerek gastroenterolojin temel vazgeçilmez uygulamaları arasında yerini almıştır. Ancak bu gelişmeler hâlâ tüm Türkiye geneline yayılamamıştır. Hem eğitim standartları hem enstrumanların yaygınlaşması henüz istenilen düzeyde değildir. Gastroenteroloji eğitiminin esasları ve Tıpta Uzmanlık Kurulu'nun istediği güncellemelerle birlikte bilimsel gerçeklere uygun şekilde yenilenen müfredatlar, öncelikle EUS eğitiminin çağın gelişimine uygun olarak yapılmasını sağlayacak ve eğitimli insanların kullanımında ise bu teknoloji altın çağını yaşayacaktır.

Bu noktadan hareketle her şeyden önce bilimsel ve girişimsel yetkinliğin sağlanmasının esas olduğu 21. yüzyılda bilimsel bilginin hedef kitlelere ulaştırılmasının yolunun; çalışmaların, deneyimlerin, araştırmaların yazıya dökülmesi olduğuna inanan bir grup konunun uzmanı bir araya geldik. Sizlere lineer ve radyal EUS'un temel prensiplerinin yanı sıra girişimsel işlemleri bizzat yapan meslektaşlarımızın dilinden güncel bilgileri sunmak istedik. Sizlere, kolayca okuyacağınız pratik bilgileri de içeren bir kitap hazırladık. Aramızda giderek artan oranda girişimsel işlemleri uygulayan gerçekten konuya hâkim endoskopistlerin olduğu aşikârdır. Okumaktan zevk alacağınızı düşündüğümüz bu kitap için hazırlanırken, bazen hepimizin aynı anda biraraya gelmesi çok kolay başarılamamaktadır. Bu nedenle bu kitapta birlikte olamadığımız konunun uzmanı meslektaşlarımız olabilir. Ama bilimde, araştırmada devamlılık esas olduğundan başka mecralarda da birlikte olmayı diliyoruz.

Her ne kadar sürç-ü lisan ettiysek affola.

Prof. Dr. Dilek OĞUZ
Editör
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Gastroenteroloji BD, Çanakkale, Türkiye
Gastroenterology is the study of the normal function and diseases of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon and rectum, pancreas, gallbladder, bile ducts and liver. Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a type of endoscopic procedure that allows physicians to examine the digestive system by inserting a long, flexible lighted instrument called an endoscope either through the rectum or down through the throat. These gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures may be performed to evaluate and treat disorders of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, and the pancreas and bile ducts. The fiber-optic scope was developed by Basil Hirshowitz in 1957.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a procedure that combines endoscopy and ultrasound to create images of the digestive tract and nearby organs and tissues. It also is called EUS. During EUS, a thin, flexible tube called an endoscope is placed in the digestive tract. An ultrasound device on the tip of the tube uses high-frequency sound waves to create detailed images of the digestive tract and other organs and tissues. These include the lungs, pancreas, gall bladder, liver and lymph nodes. EUS helps find diseases in these organs and tissues and the digestive tract. First publications about EUS was published in The Lancet in 1980. DiMagno et al. were reported of their initial experience with the use of EUS in humans in Gastroenterology in 1982.

EUS helps diagnose conditions that affect the digestive tract and nearby organs and tissues. An EUS tube placed down the throat captures images of the esophagus, stomach and parts of the small intestine. Sometimes an EUS tube is placed through the anus, which is the muscular opening at the end of the digestive tract where stool exits the body. During this procedure, EUS captures images of the rectum and parts of the large intestine, which is called the colon.

Knowledge of the basic principles and interventions of ultrasound will help the endosonographer to understand the capabilities of ultrasound imaging, as well as its limitations. We feel that whole developments of Endosonography can play an important role in enabling one to achieve excellence in EUS and that a more widespread practice of quality endoscopic ultrasound will ultimately improve patient care around the world. It is our sincere hope that in this book will play a key role in allowing you to master the discipline of EUS. Therefore we have come together with a group of experts who believe that the importance of to reach to knowledge of science and prepared to a book for you. We remain steadfastly committed to advancing EUS through education and training.

Prof. Dr. Dilek OĞUZ
Editor
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Çanakkale, Türkiye

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