CBRN - Biological Agents

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Zeliha KOÇAK TUFAN
Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji AD, Ankara, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Eğitim ve Araştırma Bağlamında KBRN Çalışmaları

Bu mesel ile bulur cümle düvel fevz ü felâh,
Hazır ol cenge eğer ister isen sulh ü salâh.

Çiçek aşısı uygulamasını zorunlu hâle getiren, karantina merkezlerini yaygınlaştıran Hekimbaşı Abdülhak Molla'nın bu sözü, Kimyasal, Biyolojik, Radyolojik ve Nükleer (KBRN) tehditlere karşı savunma çalışmalarının da önemini hatırlatır. Bilimsel ve teknolojik gelişmelerin kazara veya bilinçli olarak ortaya çıkan yan etkileri gibi değerlendirebileceğimiz KBRN olayları, kitlesel ölümlere yol açabilecek tehditleri içermektedir.

Kimya, moleküler biyoloji, fizik, enfeksiyon hastalıkları, mikrobiyoloji, halk sağlığı, veterinerlik, tekstil mühendisliği, bilgisayar mühendisliği gibi alanlarda, KBRN tehditlerine karşı savunma konularını içeren çalışmalar yapılmakta ancak, KBRN başlığı altında toplanmamaktadır. Dolayısıyla çok disiplinden beslenen diğer alanlar gibi, ülkemizin bu konudaki gerçek potansiyeli de ortaya konamamaktadır. Bu bağlamda KBRN başlığı altında yapılan araştırmaları ve farkındalığı artırmak üzere 2017 ve 2020 yıllarında Yükseköğretim Kurulu'nda KBRN Çalıştaylarının gerçekleştirilmesi, YÖK-KBRN Çalışma Grubunun kurulması, Milli Savunma Üniversitesi dahil toplam sekiz üniversitede (Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt, Gebze Teknik, Hacettepe, İskenderun Teknik, Sağlık Bilimleri, Selçuk, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal) ''KBRN'' alanında yüksek lisans programı açılması, KBRN'nin YLSY ve YÖK 100/2000 gibi burs programlarında öncelikli alanlara dahil edilmesi önemli gelişmelerdir. Nitekim çalışmaların başlamasından kısa bir süre sonra, 2021 yılında, YÖK 100/2000 doktora bursu kapsamında KBRN ve ilgili alanlarda doktora yapan bursiyer sayısı 414'e yükselmiştir. Program daha sonra durdurulmuşsa da nitelikli insan havuzuna sağlanan katkısı devam etmektedir. YLSY alanları içerisinde KBRN ana başlığı 2018-2021 yılları arasında yer almıştır. Aşı çalışmaları, biyogüvenlik, biyoteknoloji, kişisel koruyucu ekipmanlar ve koruyucu tıbbi malzemeler, farmasötik biyoteknoloji ve ilaç tasarımı, gıda biyoteknolojisi, moleküler farmakoloji ve ilaç araştırmaları, nanobiyoteknolojik güdümlü ilaçlar, nükleer enerji, nükleer fizik, savunma bilişimi, modelleme ve simülasyon ve epidemiyoloji, KBRN havuzunu besleyen alanlara örnektir.

Gerçek potansiyelin ortaya konabilmesi için pek çok disiplinden beslenen KBRN alanında çalışan akademisyenlerin, KBRN başlığı altındaki çalışmalarda bir araya gelmesi, efektif sonuçların elde edilmesi için elzemdir. Konuyla ilgili eko-sistemin gelişmesiyle pek çok lisansüstü araştırma yapılması, araştırmacı sayısının daha da artırılması, sektör işbirlikleri mümkün olacaktır. Yine TÜBİTAK MAM'da yer alan enstitülerin araştırma alanlarına ''KBRN Teknolojileri Konusunda Araştırma ve Geliştirme'' başlığını alması, 2023 yılında Milli Savunma Bakanlığı, Havelsan ve TÜBİTAK MAM'ın KBRN konusunda işbirliği için bir araya gelmesi, KBRN araştırma-geliştirme-üretme eko-sisteminin gelişmesi açısından olumlu gelişmelerdir. Komşu ülkelerde ve yakın coğrafyamızda KBRN ajanlarının kitlesel imha aracı olarak kullanılması, konunun önemini tekrar gözler önüne sermiştir. Avrupa Birliği'nin KBRN Risk Yönetimi Ağı ''The CoE Network''ün çalışmalarının ve projelerinin takibi de bu bağlamda önemlidir.

Türkiye Klinikleri'nin KBRN konusunu ele alması, alana çok değerli bir katkıdır. ''KBRN-Biyolojik Ajanlar'' kitabında tarihçe bölümünden başlayarak biyolojik ajanların tespiti, acil müdahale ve dekontaminasyon ile KBRN konusundaki eğitim veren programlara dair genel bilgileri içeren makalelere yer verildi. Teknik açıdan yoğun detaylar vermekten kaçınılarak farklı alanlardan, disiplinlerden olup, KBRN konusunda çalışma yapacak olan araştırmacı ve sektör temsilcilerine genel bilgi verilmesi hedeflendi.

Hacettepe Üniversitesi öğretim üyelerinden olup hâlen Washington'da Walter Reed Askeri Araştırma Enstitüsü'nde çalışmalarına devam eden Dr. Koray Ergünay biyoterörizm ajanı olarak virüsleri, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Bilkent Şehir Hastanesi'nden Dr. Turan Buzgan tarihi süreçleri, Dr. Şervan Gökhan ise acil müdahale ve dekontaminasyonu ele aldı.

Saha deneyimiyle öne çıkan kadın akademisyenler de kitapta yer aldılar; Dr. Bircan Kayaaslan, KBRN tehdidi olarak bakteriler; Lokman Hekim Üniversitesi'nden Dr. Safiye Can Göçer ise biyolojik ajanların tespitinde moleküler yöntemler konusunda yazdı. Milli Savunma Bakanlığı, KBRN Savunma Dairesi Başkanı Dr. Burçak Çabuk tarafından mevzuata dair bilgi verildi. BBC, ABC, NPR, New York Times, ve Newsweek gibi kanal ve yayınlara bulaşıcı hastalıklar konusunda danışmanlık veren, kadın çalışmaları ve dezavantajlı gruplara aşıların ulaşması konusunda projeler yürüten, Sepsis Alliance üyesi Dr. Uzma Syed da bölüm yazarı olarak kitapta yer aldı.

Prof. Dr. Zeliha KOÇAK TUFAN
Editör
Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji AD, Ankara, Türkiye
CBRN Studies in the Context of Education and Research

''If you wish for peace and success, be prepared for battle.''

This saying by Chief Physician Abdülhak Molla, who made pox-vaccination mandatory and expanded quarantine centers 150 years ago, also reminds us of the importance of defense efforts against Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) threats. CBRN incidents, which we can evaluate as either accidental or intentional side effects of scientific and technological developments, pose threats that can lead to mass fatalities.

Studies addressing defense against CBRN threats are being conducted in fields such as chemistry, molecular biology, physics, infectious diseases, microbiology, public health, veterinary science, textile engineering, and computer engineering; however, these are not organized under the CBRN umbrella. Consequently, like other interdisciplinary fields, our country's real potential in this area has not been fully realized. In this context, the organization of CBRN Workshops by the Higher Education Council (YÖK) in 2017 and 2020, the establishment of the YÖK-CBRN Working Group, the opening of master's programs in the ''CBRN'' field at a total of eight universities (Ankara Yildirim Beyazit, Gebze Technical, Hacettepe, İskenderun Technical, Health Sciences, Selçuk, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal), and the inclusion of CBRN in scholarship programs such as YLSY (Law No1416 Scholarships) and YÖK 100/2000 are significant developments. Indeed, shortly after the commencement of these initiatives, in 2021, the number of scholarship holders pursuing doctoral studies in CBRN and related fields under the YÖK 100/2000 program rose to 414. Although the program was later suspended, its contribution to the pool of qualified human resources continues. The main heading of CBRN was included in the YLSY areas between 2018-2021. Areas that feed into the CBRN pool include vaccine studies, biosecurity, biotechnology, personal protective equipment, protective medical materials, pharmaceutical biotechnology and drug design, food biotechnology, molecular pharmacology and drug research, nano-biotechnology guided drugs, nuclear energy, nuclear physics, defense informatics, modeling and simulation, and epidemiology.

To unveil the real potential in the CBRN field, it is essential for academicians from various disciplines to collaborate on studies under the CBRN heading, in order to achieve effective results. With the development of the relevant ecosystem, numerous graduate research projects can be undertaken, increasing the number of researchers and facilitating industry collaborations. Additionally, the inclusion of ''Research and Development on CBRN Technologies'' in the research areas of institutes at TÜBİTAK MAM, and the collaboration in CBRN matters among the Ministry of National Defense, Havelsan, and TÜBİTAK MAM in 2023 are positive developments for the growth of the CBRN research-development-production ecosystem. The use of CBRN agents as weapons of mass destruction in neighboring countries and our immediate geography has once again highlighted the importance of the issue. Monitoring the activities and projects of the European Union's CBRN Risk Mitigation Network, ''The CoE Network-CBRN'', is also significant in this context.

The inclusion of the CBRN topic by Türkiye Klinikleri is a valuable contribution to the field. The ''CBRN-Biological Agents'' book features articles beginning with a historical section, covering the detection of biological agents, emergency response, and decontamination, as well as general information about training programs on CBRN topics. Since the aim is to provide general information to researchers and industry representatives from various fields and disciplines who will work on CBRN, we avoided overly technical details.

Dr. Koray Ergünay, a faculty member from Hacettepe University who is currently continuing his research at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Washington, discussed viruses as bioterrorism agents, while Dr. Turan Buzgan from Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine Bilkent City Hospital addressed historical processes, and Dr. Şervan Gökhan focused on emergency response and decontamination.

The contributions of women scientists to CBRN studies pool and to our book are also significant; Dr. Bircan Kayaaslan wrote about bacteria as CBRN threats, and Dr. Safiye Can Göçer from Lokman Hekim University wrote about molecular methods for the detection of biological agents. Information regarding legislation was provided by Dr. Burçak Çabuk, Head of the CBRN Defense Department at the Ministry of National Defense. Dr. Uzma Syed, a member of the Sepsis Alliance who provides consultancy to channels and publications like BBC, ABC, NPR, New York Times, and Newsweek on infectious diseases and runs projects on women studies and vaccine accessibility for disadvantaged groups, also appeared in the book as a chapter writer.

Prof. Dr. Zeliha KOÇAK TUFAN
Edior
Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Türkiye

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