Breast Reconstruction

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Galip AĞAOĞLU
Koç Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi AD, İstanbul, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Meme kanseri, kadınlarda en sık görülen ve kansere bağlı ölümlerin ikinci önde gelen nedenidir. En yaygın risk faktörleri arasında kadın cinsiyet, aile öyküsü, artan yaş, daha önce meme kanseri öyküsü, 30 yaşından sonra ilk canlı doğum yapanlarda, erken menarş, geç menopoz, daha önce göğüs duvarına radyasyon uygulanması, uzun süreli hormon replasman tedavisi kullanımı ve BRCA1 ve BRCA2 gibi genetik mutasyonlar yer almaktadır.

Meme kanseri cerrahi sonrası meme rekonstrüksiyonu için başvuran hasta sayısı giderek artmaktadır. İdeal meme rekonstrüksiyonu yöntemi; güvenli, güvenilir olmalı, donör bölgesi morbiditesi minimum olmalı ve yeniden yapılandırılan memeye yeterli boyut, şekil ve hacim sağlamalıdır.

Önceki meme rekonstrüksiyonu tekniklerinde rekonstrüksiyonun amacı, hasta giyinik iken fiziksel görünümünü iyileştirmek ve dış protez kullanımından kaynaklanan sorunları önlemekti. Günümüzde ise meme rekonstrüksiyon tekniği geliştirildi ve mevcut amaç, basitçe bir göğüs tümseğinin yeniden yapılandırılmasından ziyade, karşı normal memeninkilerle simetrik estetik hatlara sahip bir memenin yeniden oluşturulmasıdır. Niteliksel meme simetrisini elde etmeye çalışan Berrino, hacim, şekil, meme altı kıvrımı, meme başı-areola kompleksi simetrisi, dinamik aktivitelerde simetri ve yaşlanma ve kilo değişiklikleri sırasındaki simetriyi içeren altı nihai hedef belirlemiştir.

Meme rekonstrüksiyonu eşzamanlı veya geç dönemde yapılabilir. Eşzamanlı rekonstrüksiyonun estetik sonucu daha iyidir ve mastektomi sonrası hastada deformite hissinin ortadan kaldırılması ile psikolojik fayda sağlar. Ayrıca eşzamanlı rekonstrüksiyon daha az maliyetli ve hastanın anesteziye maruz kalma süresini azaltır. Eşzamanlı rekonstrüksiyonun avantajlarına rağmen komplikasyon oranlarının geç dönem rekonstrüksiyona göre daha yüksek olduğu gösterilmiştir.

Meme rekonstrüksiyonu implant veya otojen doku kullanılarak yapılabilir. Meme kanseri ameliyatından sonra kalan yumuşak doku eksikliği nedeniyle doku genişleticiler/implantlarla meme rekonstrüksiyonu, bazı durumlarda yeterli şekil, boyut ve hacime sahip yumuşak, sarkık bir meme sağlamada başarısız olur. Otojen meme rekonstrüksiyonu yumuşak, pitotik ve simetrik bir meme tümseği oluşturduğu için implantlara tercih edilebilir. Otolog doku ile meme rekonstrüksiyonu, pediküllü latissimus dorsi kası, TRAM flebi (pediküllü veya serbest flep) veya DIEP, gluteal flep, Rubens flebi, lateral transvers uyluk flebi dahil olmak üzere serbest bir flep kullanılarak gerçekleştirilebilir.

Bu kitabın amacı meme kanseri ameliyatı sonrası meme rekonstrüksiyonu hakkında kapsamlı bilgi vermektir. Bu çalışma meme rekonstrüksiyonu alanında uzman kişilerle işbirliği içinde yürütülmüştür. Bu kitabın okuyucularına faydalı olmasını diliyorum. Bu vesileyle, bu kitabın hazırlanmasında emeği geçen ve destek veren değerli yazarlara ve Türkiye Klinikleri çalışanlarına sonsuz şükranlarımı sunmak isterim.

Prof. Dr. Galip AĞAOĞLU
Editör
Koç Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi AD, İstanbul, Türkiye
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death and the most common cancer among women The most common risk factors include female gender, family history, increasing age, a prior breast cancer history, first live childbirth after age 30, early menarche, late menopause, previous radiation to the chest wall, prolonged use of hormone replacement therapy and genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2.

An increasing number of patients are seeking breast reconstruction following breast cancer surgery. The ideal method of breast reconstruction should be safe, reliable, have minimal donor-site morbidity, and provide adequate size, shape, and volume to the reconstructed breast

In prior breast reconstruction techniques, the aim of the reconstruction was to improve the physical appearance of the patients when dressed and to avoid problems associated with the use of an external prosthesis. Over the past decade breast reconstruction technique has been improved and the current goal is to recreate a breast with aesthetic contours symmetric with those of the opposite normal breast rather than simply reconstructing a breast mound. Berrino, in attempting to achieve qualitative breast symmetry, listed six final goals that include symmetry of volume, shape, submammary fold, nipple-areola complex, symmetry in dynamic activities, and symmetry during aging and weight changes.

Breast reconstruction can be performed as an immediate or a delayed procedure. The aesthetic outcome of immediate reconstruction is better and has the psychological benefit of eliminating the sense of deformity after mastectomy. In addition, immediate reconstruction is less expensive and the risk of exposure to anesthesia is decreased. In spite of the advantages of immediate reconstruction, complication rates have been shown to be higher than in delayed reconstruction.

Breast reconstruction can be performed by using either implants or autogenous tissues. Breast reconstruction with tissue expanders/implants, because of deficiency of residual soft tissue after breast cancer surgery, in certain circumstances fails to provide a soft, ptotic breast with adequate shape, size, and volume. Autogenous breast reconstruction is preferred over implants because it creates a soft, ptotic, and symmetrical breast mound. Breast reconstruction with autologous tissue can be performed by using either a pedicled flap, such as a latissimus dorsi, a TRAM flap, or a free flap, including the free TRAM, DIEP, gluteal flap, Rubens' flap, lateral transverse thigh flap, or the superficial inferior epigastric artery flap.

The aim of this book is to provide comprehensive information about breast reconstruction following breast cancer surgery. The study has been conducted collaboratively with experts in the field of breast reconstruction. I hope will be beneficial to readerships of this book. I would like to take this opportunity to express my endless gratitude to the valuable authors and the worker of Türkiye Klinikleri who contributed and supported in preparation of this book.

Prof. Dr. Galip AĞAOĞLU
Editor
Koç University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, İstanbul, Türkiye

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