Use of Insects in the Feeding of Monogastric Animals

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. İbrahim Sadi ÇETİNGÜL
Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları AD, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Gelecekte insanoğlunu tehdit eden en büyük tehlikenin gıda ve su kıtlığı olduğu bilim dünyası tarafından ifade edilmektedir. Artan dünya nüfusu ile birlikte bu durum birinci problem olarak görülürken, dünyanın kirlenmesi ve iklim değişikliği ise ikinci büyük problem olarak görülmektedir. Bundan dolayı sürdürülebilir çevreci çözümlerle insanların ve hayvanların beslenmesinde gıda ve su kaynaklarına ulaşım konusu Dünya Tarım Örgütü ve çevreci kuruluşlar tarafından hedef hâline gelmiştir.

Artan nüfus ve ihtiyaçlarla birlikte teknolojik gelişmeler de organik atıkların miktarının artmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu organik atıklardan bir kısmı hayvan yemi ve gübre olarak kullanılabilirken bir kısmı ise çevre kirliliği oluşturmaktadır. Doğada organik atıkların doğal bir şekilde yok edilmesinde insektlerin ayrı bir önemi ve etkisi vardır.

Alternatif gıda kaynaklarının insanların ve hayvanların beslenmesinde daha fazla sorgulanması neticesinde ortaya çıkan çözümlerden biri de insektlerin insanların ve hayvanların beslenmesinde kullanılması hususudur. İnsanların beslenmesinde insektlerin gıda olarak kullanılmasında inanç ve kültürel farklılıklardan dolayı önemli tüketim farklılıkları görülebilirken tek mideli pek çok hayvanın doğası gereği bu insektleri tükettikleri göz önüne alındığında bu hayvanların beslenmesinde insektlerin kullanılması ise dünya genelinde doğal bir kaynak olarak kabul görmüştür.

İnsektler; esansiyel amino asit içerikleri oldukça yüksek protein kaynakları olup enerji değerleri ihtiva ettikleri yağ miktarına bağlı olarak değişmekle birlikte antimikrobiyal özelliğe sahip protein ve yağ asitlerinin varlığı ile de dikkat çeken önemli doğal kaynaklardır. Bu öne çıkan özellikleri ile tek mideli hayvanların beslenmesinde balık unu ve soya küspesine muadil olarak kullanılabileceği ifade edilmektedir.

Ülkemizde soyanın %95'inin, balık ununun da büyük bir kısmının yurtdışından ithal edilmesi önemli bir döviz kaybına yol açmakta, ayrıca bu iki hammadde hayvanların beslenmesinde en büyük maliyeti oluşturmaktadır.

Soya ve balık ununa nazaran insektlerin üretilmesi esnasında çok daha az su kullanılması, üretim aşamasında karbon ayak izlerinin çok daha az olması insektlerin oldukça çevreci canlılar olduklarını göstermektedir. İnsektlerin üretiminde kullanılan gıdaların atık mahiyette veya bozulma aşamasında gıdalar olması nedeniyle, insektlerin bu gıdaları tüketmesi sonucu atık veya bozulan gıdaların çevreye verecekleri zarar azalmakta bu da ayrı bir kazanç olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Soya ve balık unu yerine ikame edilen insektlerin maliyeti düşürmesinin yanı sıra döviz kaybını engellemesi, insekt üretiminin doğal sürdürülebilir ve çevreci oluşu, üretimde toprağa ve suya olan bağımlılığının az oluşu tek mideli hayvanların beslenmesinde insekt kullanımını cazip hâle getirmektedir.

İnsektlerin besin maddesi içeriklerinin zengin olması, antimikrobiyal özelliğe sahip olmaları, çevreci ve ekonomik olmaları, her türlü coğrafyada iklime ve toprağa bağımsız bir şekilde üretilebilmeleri nedeniyle yakın gelecekte hayvanların beslenmesinde önemli bir boşluğu dolduracağına kesin bir gözle bakılmaktadır.

Bu kitapta tek mideli hayvanların beslenmesinde insektlerin kullanımı hakkında bilgiler verilmektedir. Kitabın hazırlanmasında emeği geçen herkese teşekkür eder, hayvan besleme camiasına yararlı olmasını temenni ederim.

Prof. Dr. İbrahim Sadi ÇETİNGÜL
Editör
Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları AD, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
It has been stated that the biggest hazard threatening humankind will be the water and food scarcity by the scientists. While this situation is considered as the primary problem, environmental pollution and climatic change are regarded as a secondary problem due to increased population. Therefore, access to food and water by using sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions have been targeted by the FAO and other environmental organizations.

Technological developments with the increased population have led to an increase in the amount of organic wastes. Although some of the wastes can be used as animal feed or fertilizer, others cause environmental pollution. Insects play a role in the decomposition of organic wastes in nature.

The use of insects as human and animal food has emerged as a solution as a result of researches in the field of alternative foods. Different consumer attitudes toward insects can be possible in human nutrition due to cultural and religious diversity. However, monogastric animals are consumer of these insects by their nature so, the use of insects in monogastric animal nutrition have been adopted as a natural alternative across the world.

Not only insects are interest due to their high protein content containing high levels of essential amino acids, but also they have a considerable amount of energy depending on fat content. Due to these properties, it has been stated that insects can be used as a replacer for soybean meal and fish meal.

95% of soybean demand and most of the fish meal demand have been imported by Türkiye. So these feeds account for the biggest cost in animal nutrition.

The less water consumption and the less carbon footprint of insects when compared to soybean and fish meal demonstrate that insects are environmentally friendly products. The another benefit of insects is that the foods used in insect production are the waste foods. So, the reduction of harmful effects of waste foods for nature is considered as another benefit. Reduced foreign currency usage and costs with the use of insects replaced with soybean or fish meal, the sustainability and clean production of insects and, the less need for water and soil during insect production makes the insects favorable in the nutrition of monogastric animals.

Due to the rich nutrient composition of insects, antimicrobial properties, low production cost, their clean nature and their production which can be sustained regardless of season and soil, they have regarded as a promising alternative in animal nutrition in the near future.

This book provides information on the use of insects in feeding monogastric animals. I want to thank everyone who contributed to the book's preparation and hope it will be helpful to the animal nutrition community.

Prof. Dr. İbrahim Sadi ÇETİNGÜL
Editor
Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye

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