Down Syndrome

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Hatice ILGIN RUHİ
Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Genetik ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Down sendromu birçok vücut sisteminin farklı derecelerde etkilendiği ancak entelektüel yetersizliğin tüm olgularda olduğu, bilenen en sık genetik hastalıktır. Sendrom adını, 1866'da ilk kez tanımlayan Dr. Langdon Down'dan almıştır. İnsan 21. kromozomunun (Hsa21) üç kopya olmasından kaynaklanır ve bu nedenle trizomi 21 olarak da adlandırılmaktadır. Down sendromunda kolayca tanı koymayı sağlayacak tipik yüz görünümü ile entelektüel yetersizliğin yanı sıra, kısa boyun, boy kısalığı, hipotoni, hipotiroidi, obeziteye eğilim, konjenital kalp hastalıkları, otoimmün hastalıklar, tekrarlayan enfeksiyonlar, lösemi sıklığında artış, işitme, konuşma, görme problemleri ve hızlı müdahale edilmesi gereken cerrahi kapsamında yer alan anomaliler görülmektedir. Bulgular sadece bu sıralananlar ile de sınırlı değildir. Down sendromlu bireyler kompleks bir fenotip sergiler ve var olan bulgular çok ılımlı olabileceği gibi, ölümcül de olabilmektedir. Ayrıca, Down sendromu fenotipik bulguları içinde sıralanan tüm bulgular her olguda bulunmayabilir. Tanımlanmasından bu yana, Down sendromu fenotipinin altında yatan genetik mekanizmalara yönelik birçok bilgi edinildi, hatta trizomi 21'den kaynaklanmayan birçok patolojik durumun altında yatan mekanizmaların anlaşılmasına da ciddi katkılar sağlandı. Bunun en somut örneklerinden bir tanesi Alzheimer hastalığıdır (AH). Down sendromunda erken başlangıçlı Alzheimer hastalığı gelişme riski yüksektir. Down sendromu araştırmaları, AH patogenezinin anlaşılması açısından önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu heterojenik profil içinde, her Down sendromlu bireyin ilk planda dikkat çeken klinik bulguları yanı sıra gizli kalabilecek bulgular açısından da kontrol ve takip edilmesi, uzun vadeli etkiler ve yaşam kalitesi açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu nedenle olguların multidisipliner değerlendirilmesi ve izlemi gerekir. Sunulan bu kitapta Down sendromunda görülen temel sağlık sorunları, bunların nedenleri, izlemi ve yönetimi ile bu bireylerin eğitimi konuları, ilgili alanların uzmanlarınca ele alınarak değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Elbette, bu kitap kapsamında ele alınmayan çeşitli bulgular da Down sendromlu bireylerde görülebilir. Ancak, bu kitabın kapsamını sıklıkla karşılaşılan durumlar oluşturmaktadır.

Rehber kaynak niteliğindeki bu kitaba katkı sağlayan tüm yazarlara ve Türkiye Klinikleri'nin emeği geçen tüm çalışanlarına teşekkür ederim. ''Down Sendromu'' kitabının konuyla ilgilenen tüm okuyucular için yararlı olmasını dileriz.

Prof. Dr. Hatice ILGIN RUHİ
Editör
Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Genetik ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
Down syndrome is the most common known genetic disease in which many body systems are affected to different degrees, but intellectual disability is present in all cases. The eponym of the syndrome is from Dr. Langdon Down who first described the syndrome in 1866. It is caused by three copies of the human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) and is therefore also called trisomy 21. In Down syndrome, in addition to the typical facial appearance and intellectual disability that will enable easy diagnosis, short neck, short stature, hypotonia, hypothyroidism, tendency to obesity, congenital heart diseases, autoimmune diseases, recurrent infections, increase in the frequency of leukemia, hearing, speech, vision problems and abnormalities that require rapid intervention within the scope of surgery are observed. The findings are not limited to just those listed. Individuals with Down syndrome exhibit a complex phenotype, and the findings can be very mild or fatal. Additionally, all the findings listed among the phenotypic findings of Down syndrome may not be present in every case. Since its description, much information has been gained regarding the genetic mechanisms underlying the Down syndrome phenotype and significant contributions have been made to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying many clinical conditions that occur without trisomy 21. One of the most concrete examples of this is Alzheimer's disease. The risk of developing earlyonset Alzheimer's disease is high in Down syndrome. The data obtained contribute to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease. Within this heterogeneous profile, it is important to check and follow up each individual with Down syndrome in terms of clinical findings that attract attention in the first place, as well as findings that may remain hidden, in the context of long-term effects and quality of life. Therefore, multidisciplinary evaluation and follow-up of cases is required. In this book, the basic health problems seen in Down syndrome, their causes, follow-up and management, and the education of these individuals have been discussed and evaluated by experts in the relevant fields. Of course, various findings not covered in this book may be seen in individuals with Down syndrome. However, the scope of this book consists of frequently encountered situations.

I would like to thank all the authors who contributed to this book which serves as a guide and all the employees who contributed of Türkiye Klinikleri. We wish that this book on ''Down Syndrome'' will be useful for all readers interested in the subject.

Prof. Dr. Hatice ILGIN RUHİ
Editor
Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara, Türkiye

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