Transfusion and Infection

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Editör: Prof. Dr. İsmail Yaşar AVCIa, Editör Yardımcıları: Doç. Dr. Cumhur ARTUKa, Doç. Dr. Soner YILMAZb
aSağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Gülhane Tıp Fakültesi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
bSağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Gülhane Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Transfüzyon yaygın bir tedavi aracı olarak kullanılmakla birlikte, beraberinde getirdiği riskler pek dikkate alınmamakta, transfüzyonun erken dönem yan etkileri daha fazla önemsenirken geç dönem yan etkileri, özellikle de enfeksiyon etkenlerinin bulaşı ve transfüzyonun bağışıklık sistemi üzerine etkileri ve sonuçları pek önemsenmemektedir. Bunun nedenleri arasında; bilgi eksikliği önemli bir yer tutmakta, aynı zamanda hastaların yeterince izlenememesi, izlenmediği için farkına varılmaması, farkındalık artıracak etkinliklerin eksikliği gibi çok farklı gerekçeler de sayılabilir. Farkındalık artırıcı etkinliklerin eksikliğinin önemli sebeplerinden biri de kan bankacılığı ve transfüzyon tıbbının ayrı bir uzmanlık alanı olarak ayrışmaması nedeniyle sadece konuya ilgi duyan hekimlerin dikkate aldığı, diğerlerinin öncelikleri arasında gerek transfüzyon ile ilgili diğer konular gerekse transfüzyon-enfeksiyon ilişkisinin yer almaması sayılabilir.

Transfüzyon hepatit ilişkisinin fark edildiği ilk yıllarda başlayan transfüzyon ile enfeksiyon etkenlerinin bulaşına yönelik güvenlik kaygıları, 1965 yılında Au (=HBsAg) antijenin keşfi ve sonrasında bağış kanlarının rutin taranması ile azalmış olsa da 1980'li yıllarda HIV bulaşının transfüzyon ile ilişkisi fark edilmesi ile güvenlik kaygıları en üst düzeye çıkmıştır. Bununla birlikte, geliştirilen etkin tarama programları sayesinde transfüzyonla bulaşan mikroorganizmaların kontrolü sağlanmış gibi görünmektedir. Transfüzyon ile bulaşan birçok etkene yönelik Nükleik asit amplifikasyon testi (NAT)'nin tarama süreçlerine dahil edildiği ülkelerde, son 20 yılda transfüzyonla enfeksiyon bulaş riski önemli ölçüde azalmıştır.

Transfüzyon ile viral etkenlerin bulaş riski azalıp, 1:1.000.000 ünite gibi çok düşük düzeylere inmesine rağmen, kan bileşenlerine bakteriyel bulaş (özellikle trombosit konsantreleri için) sorun oluşturmaya devam etmektedir. Trombosit konsantrelerinin bakterilerin üremesi için oldukça uygun bir ortam olan oda sıcaklığında ajitatörlerde gaz geçirgen torbalarda saklanması, kan bileşenine bulaşan bakterilerin depolama sürecinde sepsis oluşturabilecek sayılara çıkmasına imkân sağlayabilir. Bulaşı önleyecek, saptayacak ve bulaşan etkenlerin çoğalmasını engelleyecek stratejiler geliştirilmiş olmakla birlikte uygulamadaki kısıtlılıkları Prof. Dr. İsmail Yaşar AVCI Editör Doç. Dr. Soner YILMAZ Editör Yardımcısı Doç. Dr. Cumhur ARTUK Editör Yardımıcısı . (zaman, mali yük ve yan etkileri) nedeniyle etkin kullanılamamakta ve trombosit konsantresi kaynaklı bakteriyel bulaş riski 1:3000-1:2000 ünite düzeylerinde devam etmektedir.

Transfüzyonun, alıcıların bağışıklık sistemini etkilemesiyle ortaya çıkan risklere yönelik artan bir ilgi bulunmaktadır. Yoğun bakımdaki travma ve ameliyat hastalarına sıklıkla kan transfüzyonu yapılmaktadır. Yoğun bakım hastalarında tanımlanan persistan inflamasyon, immünsupresyon ve katabolizma sendromu geliştikten sonra hastanın bağışıklığı zayıflar, günlük yaşam aktiviteleri kötüleşir ve sonunda uzun vadeli mortalite artar. Bu duruma neden olabilen potansiyel risk faktörlerinden biri de kan transfüzyonudur. Transfüzyon ile; toplam lenfosit sayısında, CD4 hücre sayısında, CD4/CD8 T-hücre oranında ve NK hücre sayısında azalma olduğu gibi mitojenlere karşı lenfosit yanıtında azalma olduğu bilinmektedir. Aktarılan bileşenin alıcı immünitesi üzerinde neden olacağı değişiklikler, özellikle şiddetli enfeksiyon, sepsis hastalarında göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Kan bileşenleri içeriğinin lökosit sayısını azaltacak müdahaleler ile transfüzyonun bağışıklık sistemine olan etkileri azaltılmış olsa da lökosit dışı nedenlere bağlı etkiler henüz önlenememiştir.

Transfüzyon bazı durumlarda tanısal hatalara da neden olabilmektedir. Kan torbalarında kullanılan ek solüsyonlarda bulunan bazı kimyasal bileşikler (örneğin sodyum sitrat ya da sitrik asit gibi maddeler) Aspergillus niger fermentasyonu sonucu elde edilmişler ise bu torbalardan yapılan transfüzyonlarda, hastalarda galaktomannan yüksekliği tespit edilebilir. Bu nedenle hastalar, yanlış tanı alıp gereksiz antifungal tedavisine maruz kalabilir.

Transfüzyon güvenliğini sağlamada sürecin ciddi eylemlerle yönetilmesi bulaş riskini azaltma eğilimindedir. Metagenomik analizler gibi yeni teknolojiler mevcut risklerin azaltılmasına katkı sağlayacağı gibi transfüzyon ile bulaş riski öngörülemeyen yeni ve yeniden ortaya çıkan etkenlere yönelik de güvenlik artırıcı yöntemler arasına girecektir.

Transfüzyonun enfeksiyon dahil olası tüm olumsuz etkilerinden korunmanın, riski azaltmanın en önemli yolu, kan bileşenlerinin kullanımının azaltılmasına yönelik stratejilerin geliştirilmesidir. Tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de aneminin transfüzyon dışı yollarla düzeltilmesi, hasta kanının korunması ve gereksiz kan transfüzyonunu önlemeye odaklanan farkındalık projeleri uygulanmaya başlamıştır. Bu projelerin yaygınlaştırılması ve teknolojik gelişmelerin transfüzyon güvenliğine olumlu katkıları, zaman içinde artarak devam edecektir.

Prof. Dr. İsmail Yaşar AVCI
Editör

Doç. Dr. Cumhur ARTUK
Editör Yardımıcısı

Doç. Dr. Soner YILMAZ
Editör Yardımcısı
Although transfusion is widely used as a treatment tool, the risks it brings are not taken into consideration. While the early side effects of transfusion are given more importance, the late side effects, especially the transmission of infectious agents and the effects and consequences of transfusion on the immune system, are not given much importance. Lack of information has an important place among the reasons for this, there are also many different reasons such as not being able to monitor patients adequately, not being noticed because they are not monitored, and lack of activities to raise awareness. One of the important reasons for the lack of awareness-raising activities is that since blood banking and transfusion medicine are not developed as separate fields of expertise, transfusion is only taken into consideration by physicians interested in the subject, while the transfusioninfection relationship and other issues related to transfusion and are not among the priorities of others.

The safety concerns regarding the transmission of infectious agents via transfusion, which started in the first years when the relationship between transfusion and hepatitis was noticed, decreased with the discovery of the Au (=HBsAg) antigen in 1965 and subsequent routine screening of donor blood, but safety concerns also increased in the 1980s with the realization of the relationship between HIV transmission and transfusion and has reached its highest level. However, thanks to the effective screening programs developed, control of transfusion-transmitted microorganisms seems to be achieved. In countries where nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) has been included in the screening processes for many transfusion-transmitted factors, the risk of infection transmission through transfusion has decreased significantly in the last 20 years.

Although the risk of transmission of viral agents through transfusion decreases to very low levels of 1:1,000,000 units, bacterial contamination to blood components (especially for platelet concentrates) continues to pose a problem. Storing platelet concentrates in gas permeable bags on agitators at room temperature, which is a very suitable environment for the growth of bacteria, may allow bacteria that con- . Prof. Dr. İsmail Yaşar AVCI Editor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Soner YILMAZ Associate Editor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cumhur ARTUK Associate Editor taminate the blood component to increase to numbers that may cause sepsis during the storage process. Although strategies have been developed to prevent and detect contamination and prevent the proliferation of contaminating agents, they cannot be used effectively due to their practical limitations (time, financial burden and side effects) and the risk of bacterial contamination due to platelet concentrate continues at the level of 1:3000-1:2000 units.

There is increasing interest in the risks posed by transfusion affecting the recipients' immune system. Blood transfusion is frequently administered to trauma and surgery patients in intensive care. After the persistent inflammation, immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome defined in intensive care patients develops, the patient's immunity weakens, activities of daily living deteriorate, and eventually long-term mortality increases. One of the potential risk factors that can cause this condition is blood transfusion. By transfusion; It is known that there is a decrease in the total lymphocyte number, CD4 cell number, CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio and NK cell number, as well as a decrease in the lymphocyte response to mitogens. The changes that the transferred component will cause on recipient immunity should be taken into consideration, especially in patients with severe infection and sepsis. Although the effects of transfusion on the immune system have been reduced by interventions that will reduce the number of leukocytes in blood components, but effects due to causes other than leukocytes have not yet been prevented.

The most important way to protect against all possible negative effects of transfusion, including infection, and to reduce the risk is to develop strategies to reduce the use of blood components. As in the rest of the world, awareness projects focusing on correcting anemia by non-transfusion means, protecting patient blood and preventing unnecessary blood transfusion have started to be implemented in our country. The dissemination of such projects and the positive contributions of technological developments to transfusion safety will continue to increase over time.

Prof. Dr. İsmail Yaşar AVCI
Editor

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cumhur ARTUK
Associate Editor

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Soner YILMAZ
Associate Editor

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