Exercise Prescription And Application Principles In Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Belma Füsun KÖSEOĞLUa, Prof. Dr. Birkan SONEL TURb, Prof. Dr. Nilüfer Kutay ORDU GÖKKAYAc
aTOBB ETÜ Tıp Fakültesi, Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
bAnkara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
cSağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Gülhane Tıp Fakültesi, Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Kardiyovasküler ve pulmoner hastalıklar dünya çapında önde gelen ölüm ve hastalık yükü nedenidir. Bu hastalıkların tanı ve tedavilerindeki gelişme ve iyileşmeler, hayatta kalım ve hastaneye yatış oranını azaltmakta ancak öte yandan da bu hastalıklarla yaşayanların sayısını artırarak uzun vadeli takip ve girişimlerin gereğini artırmaktadır.

Uluslararası kılavuzlar; kardiyovasküler hastalıklarda gelecekteki yeni olay riskini azaltmak için tüm uygun hastaların kardiyak rehabilitasyonu da içerecek şekilde ikincil önleme programlarına erişimini ve katılımını tavsiye etmektedirler. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü kardiyak rehabilitasyonu; ''Kronik veya post akut kardiyovasküler hastalığı olan hastaların, kendi çabalarıyla, toplumdaki uygun yerlerini koruyabilmeleri veya devam ettirebilmeleri ve aktif bir yaşam tarzı sürdürebilmeleri için mümkün olan en iyi fiziksel, zihinsel ve sosyal koşulları sağlamak için gereken faaliyet ve müdahalelerin toplamı'' olarak tanımlamıştır.

Egzersize dayalı kardiyak rehabilitasyonun amaçları; fonksiyonel kapasite düzeyini artırmak, anjinal semptomları ve özürlülüğü azaltmak, yaşam kalitesini artırmak, kardiyovasküler hastalık risk faktörlerini modifiye etmek, morbiditeyi ve mortaliteyi azaltmaktır. Kapsamlı kardiyak rehabilitasyon programının temel unsurları; hastanın değerlendirilmesi, kardiyovasküler risk faktörlerinin yönetimi ve kontrolü, fiziksel aktivite danışmanlığı, bireysel olarak reçete edilmiş egzersiz eğitimi, hasta ve yakınlarının ve bakım verenlerin eğitimi, beslenme danışmanlığı, psikososyal destek, iş ve uğraşı tedavisi ve kardiyak rehabilitasyonun etkilerinin izlenmesidir. Kardiyovasküler hastalığı olan kişilerde multidisipliner kapsamlı kardiyak rehabilitasyon, hastaneye yatışı ve ölümcül olmayan kardiyovasküler olayları ve mortaliteyi azaltırken, kardiyovasküler hastalık risk profilini ve egzersiz kapasitesini düzeltir.

Amerikan Toraks Derneği ve Avrupa Solunum Derneği pulmoner rehabilitasyonu; ''hasta değerlendirmesini takiben bireysel olarak belirlenen egzersiz Prof. Dr. Belma Füsun KÖSEOĞLU Editör Prof. Dr. Nilüfer Kutay ORDU GÖKKAYA Editör Prof. Dr. Birkan SONEL TUR Editör eğitimi, eğitim ve davranış değişikliği gibi yaklaşımları içeren, ancak bunlarla sınırlı kalmayan, kronik solunum hastalarının fiziksel ve emosyonel durumlarını düzeltmeyi ve sağlığı geliştirici kalıcı davranışları sağlamayı hedefleyen kapsamlı bir uygulama'' olarak tanımlamıştır.

Uluslararası kılavuzlar kardiyak rehabilitasyon programlarında olduğu gibi, erken pulmoner rehabilitasyon programlarının uygun olan her akciğer hastasında başlatılmasını kuvvetle tavsiye etmektedirler. Pulmoner rehabilitasyonun amaçları; semptomları ve komplikasyonları azaltmak, günlük yaşam aktivitelerinde hastanın kapasitesini kullanmasını sağlamak, egzersiz toleransını artırmak, psikososyal semptomları ve morbiditeyi azaltmak, kendine güveni ve fonksiyonel bağımsızlığı sağlamak, hastaneye yatış sıklığını ve süresini azaltmak, mesleğe dönüşü sağlamak ve rekreasyonel aktivitelere katılımı artırmaktır.

Kapsamlı pulmoner rehabilitasyon programının temel unsurları; hasta eğitimi ve sigara bıraktırma, egzersiz eğitimi, nutrisyonel değerlendirme ve destek, uzun süreli oksijen tedavisi, iş ve uğraşı tedavisi ve psikososyal destektir. Pulmoner hastalığı olan kişilerde multidisipliner kapsamlı pulmoner rehabilitasyon, dispne ve yorgunluğu azaltırken egzersiz kapasitesini ve yaşam kalitesini düzeltir.

Yapılandırılmış bir egzersiz ve fiziksel aktivite programı, kardiyopulmoner rehabilitasyonun temel bileşeni ve köşe taşı olup etkinliği en fazla kanıtlanmış olan unsurdur

Türkiye Klinikleri'nin bu kitabında; kardiyopulmoner rehabilitasyonda egzersiz reçeteleme ve uygulama prensipleri hakkında kanıta dayalı, akılcı ve pratiğe yönelik bilgiler vererek bu alanda çalışan meslektaşlarımıza bir el kitabı sunmayı amaçladık. Bu kitabın hazırlanmasında zamanını ayırarak katkıda bulunan tüm değerli meslektaşlarımıza ve bize bu fırsatı sağlayan Türkiye Klinikleri'ne teşekkür ederiz. Kitabımızın bu alanda çalışan tüm meslektaşlarımız ve sağlık çalışanları için faydalı bir kaynak olmasını diliyoruz.

Saygılarımızla.

Prof. Dr. Belma Füsun KÖSEOĞLU
Editör

Prof. Dr. Birkan SONEL TUR
Editör

Prof. Dr. Nilüfer Kutay ORDU GÖKKAYA
Editör
Cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases are the leading causes of death and disease burden worldwide. Developments and improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases have reduced the survival and hospitalization rates, but on the other hand, they have increased the number of people living with these diseases and increased the need for long-term follow-up and interventions.

International guidelines recommend that all eligible patients should access and participate in secondary prevention programs, including cardiac rehabilitation, to reduce the risk of future new events in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac rehabilitation is defined by the World Health Organization as ''the sum of activity and interventions required to ensure the best possible physical, mental, and social conditions so that patients with chronic or post-acute cardiovascular disease may, by their own efforts, preserve or resume their proper place in society and lead an active life''.

The objectives of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation are to increase the level of functional capacity, reduce anginal symptoms and disability, improve quality of life, modify cardiovascular disease risk factors, and reduce morbidity and mortality. Components of a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program are; assessment of the patient, management and control of cardiovascular risk factors, physical activity counseling, individually prescribed exercise training, education of the patient and their families and caregivers, nutritional counseling, psychosocial support, occupational therapy and monitoring the effects of cardiac rehabilitation. Multidisciplinary comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation in patients with cardiovascular disease improves cardiovascular disease risk profile and exercise capacity while reducing hospitalization and non-fatal cardiovascular events and mortality.

Pulmonary rehabilitation is defined by American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society as ''a comprehensive intervention based on a thoroProf. Dr. Belma Füsun KÖSEOĞLU Editor Prof. Dr. Nilüfer Kutay ORDU GÖKKAYA Editor Prof. Dr. Birkan SONEL TUR Editor ugh patient assessment followed by patient tailored therapies that include, but are not limited to, exercise training, education, and behavior change, designed to improve the physical and psychological condition of people with chronic respiratory disease and to promote the long-term adherence to health-enhancing behaviors.''

International guidelines strongly recommend early initiation of pulmonary rehabilitation programs in every eligible lung patient, as is the case with cardiac rehabilitation programs. The objectives of pulmonary rehabilitation are; reducing symptoms and complications, enabling the patient to use his capacity in daily living activities, increasing exercise tolerance, reducing psychosocial symptoms and morbidity, ensuring self-confidence and functional independence, reducing the frequency and duration of hospitalization, ensuring return to work and increasing participation in recreational activities. The components of the comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation program are patient education and smoking cessation, individually prescribed exercise training, nutritional assessment and support, long-term oxygen therapy, occupational therapy and psychosocial support. Multidisciplinary comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with pulmonary disease improves exercise capacity and quality of life while reducing dyspnea and fatigue.

A structured exercise and physical activity program is the fundamental component and cornerstone of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and is the most proven effective element.

In this book of Türkiye Klinikleri, we aimed to present a handbook to our colleagues working in this field by providing evidence-based, rational and practical information about the principles of exercise prescription and application in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. We would like to thank all our valuable colleagues who devoted their time in the preparation of this book and the Türkiye Klinikleri that provided us with this opportunity. We hope that our book will be a useful resource for all our colleagues and healthcare professionals working in this field.

Sincerely.

Prof. Dr. Belma Füsun KÖSEOĞLU
Editor

Prof. Dr. Birkan SONEL TUR
Editor

Prof. Dr. Nilüfer Kutay ORDU GÖKKAYA
Editor

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