Health Policies of the Republican Era

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Doç. Dr. Hülya ÖZTÜRK
Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıp Tarihi ve Etik ABD, Eskişehir, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Tarih bizlere sonsuz kapılardan geçmemiz için, geçmişin büyülü dönemlerine seyahat etmemiz için fırsatlar verir. Bu kapılar bazen, büyük buluşlara açılırken bazen günlük rutinlerimiz ve ilgili alanlara dair toplumsal pratiklerimizi oluşturmamız adına bizlere bilgiler sağlar.

Tarih insanla başlar ve devam eder. İnsanın geleceği kurmadaki kabiliyeti, geçmişinden aldığı feyzlere bağlıdır. Cihan Harbi ve izleyen yıllarda İstiklal Harbi ile yorgun ve tükenmiş Osmanlı Devleti'nin yıkılmasının ardından yeni bir yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde dünyada bir ışık yükselir. Bu, Cumhuriyet ateşinin yaydığı sonsuz bir ışıktır. Stefan Zweig'ın o ünlü sözünde de olduğu gibi toplumda bazen öyle bir şey yaşanır ve yükselir ki işte o anlar, ''insanlığın yıldızının parladığı anlar''dır. İşte 19. yy'ın sonlarında dünyaya gelen Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, bu tarihten sonra bu ülke için parlayan bir yıldız ve ülkesini parlatan bir lider olarak tarih sahnesinde yerini alır.

Bu yıl Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, 29 Ekim'de Cumhuriyet'in yaydığı ışıkla 100. yılını tamamlayacak. 1923 yılı Cumhuriyet için milat kabul edilse de Yeni Türk Devleti'nin varoluşunda büyük öneme sahip Büyük Millet Meclisi'nin 1920'de açılmasıyla ülkenin demokratik ve çağdaş geleceği için önemli bir adım atılmış, mecliste oluşturulan pek çok komisyon ve bakanlıklarla sonraki dönemlerin de alt yapısı oluşturulmuştur. Bu bakanlıklardan biri de 1920'de oluşturulan Sağlık Bakanlığı'dır. Sağlık Bakanlığı kurulduğu andan itibaren sağlıkla ilgili mevcut sorunları tespit ederek onlara hızlı ve yerinde müdahaleler sağlamak adına büyük çaba sarf etmiştir

Bu kitap; sağlıkta değişik alan ve branşlarda Cumhuriyet'le birlikte meydana gelen değişim ve düzenlemelere yer vermeyi amaçlamıştır. Buna göre birinci yazı; ''Dr. Abdülhak Adnan (Adıvar)'ın Sağlık Alanındaki Çalışmaları'' başlığını içermekte, yazı içerisinde Kurtuluş Savaşı dönemlerini de içine alan dönemde mevcut sağlık sorunlarına ne gibi müdahalelerde bulunulduğuna değinilmektedir.

''Atatürk Dönemi Kaynakları Işığında Anatomi Eğitimi'' başlıklı ikinci yazıda; Osmanlı Dönemi'nden bu yana anatomideki gelişmeler de ortaya konarak yeni dönemdeki değişimlere yer verilmiş, konu, dönemin kaynakları ile incelenmiştir.

Patoloji ve histoloji alanlarının dönemi için yön vericilerinden olan Kamile Şevki Mutlu'nun bu iki bilim dalına katkılarının özetlendiği ''Kadınların Doktor Olma Süreçlerinde İzlenen Politikalar ve İlk Profesör ve Histolog: Kamile Şevki Mutlu'' başlıklı yazı, Türk kadınlarının Cumhuriyet ile birlikte görünürlüğünü de gözler önüne sermektedir.

Dünyada ve Türkiye'de insan haklarının değişim ve gelişimi hasta haklarının önemsenmesine, ülkemizin sağlık mevzuatında konuyla ilgili düzenlemeler yapılmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. ''Cumhuriyetin Kuruluşundan Günümüze Türk Sağlık Mevzuatında Hasta Haklarının Gelişimi'' başlıklı yazı bize bu gelişimi özetlemekte, Cumhuriyet Türkiye'sinin sağlık mevzuatında ''Hasta Hakları''nın yerini kronolojik olarak görmemizi sağlamaktadır.

''Yardımcı Üreme Tekniklerinin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Ülke Politikalarındaki Yeri'' başlıklı yazı; yardımcı üreme politikalarının tarihsel süreçte Cumhuriyetimizle birlikte nasıl değiştiğine ve bu değişimin politikalardaki yerine odaklanmaktadır.

''Cumhuriyet'in 100. Yılında Türkiye'de Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon'' başlıklı yazıyla; ülkemizde anesteziyolojinin geçirdiği aşamaların kısaca özetlendiği çalışma ile anestezi ve reanimasyon alanındaki tezler, dernekler, anestezi konulu yayınlara ulaşılabilmektedir.

Saniyelerin dahi önemli olduğu acil tıp, Cumhuriyet Dönemi'nde sağlık ve teknolojideki gelişmelerle ihtiyaçlar doğrultusunda oluşmuş çok özellikli bir alandır. ''Cumhuriyet Dönemi Acil Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Gelişimi'' başlıklı yazı, bu gelişimi gözler önüne sermektedir.

''Atatürk'ün Vefatından Sağlıkta Sosyalleşmeye Kadar Geçen Sürede Sağlıkla İlgili Yasal Düzenlemeler (1938-1960)'' başlıklı yazıda; Refik Saydam döneminin sonundan itibaren sağlığa yön veren bazı düzenlemelere yer verildiği görülmektedir.

Günümüzdeki COVID-19 örneği doğrultusunda dinin sağlık ve sağlık politikalarına etkilerinin incelendiği yazıda; politikaların oluşmasında toplumların bağlı oldukları dinin sürece ve insanlara etkisi, sosyolojik açıdan incelenmiştir.

Son olarak ''Günümüze Ulaşan Obje ve Belgeler Işığında Tıp ve Sağlık Tarihi Müzelerinin Cumhuriyet Döneminde Salgın Hastalıklarla Mücadeleye Olan Katkıları''nın incelendiği yazı ile kitap bölümlerimiz sona ermektedir.

Doç. Dr. Hülya ÖZTÜRK
Editör
History gives us opportunities to go through endless gates, to travel to magical times of the past. These doors are sometimes important because they open to great discoveries, and sometimes because they are effective in the formation of our daily routines and social practices in related fields.

History begins and continues with people. The ability of man to build the future depends on the inspirations he receives from his past. After the collapse of the tired and exhausted Ottoman Empire with the World War and the War of Independence in the following years, a light rises in the world in the first quarter of a new century. It is an eternal light emanating from the fire of the Republic. As in Stefan Zweig's famous phrase, sometimes something happens and rises in society, and those moments are ''the moments when the star of humanity shines''. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who was born at the end of the 19th century, took his place on the stage of history as a shining star for this country and a leader who made his country shine.

This year, the Republic of Türkiye will complete its 100th anniversary on October 29 with the light of the Republic. Although 1923 was considered a milestone for the Republic, an important step was taken for the democratic and contemporary future of the country with the opening of the Grand National Assembly, which was of great importance in the existence of the New Turkish State, in 1920, and the infrastructure of the following periods was established with many commissions and ministries formed in the parliament. One of these ministries is the Ministry of Health, which was created in 1920. Since its establishment, the Ministry of Health has made great efforts to identify existing health-related problems and provide prompt and appropriate interventions to them.

This book aims to include the changes and regulations that took place with the Republic in different fields and branches in Health. Accordingly, the first article is ''Dr. Abdülhak Adnan (Adıvar)'s Studies in the Field of Health'', the article mentions what kind of interventions were made to existing health problems in the period including the liberation war periods. In the second article titled ''The Education of Anatomy in the Light of Atatürk's Period Sources'', the developments in anatomy since the Ottoman Period were also revealed and the changes in the new period were included, and the subject was examined with the sources of the period.

The article titled ''Policies Followed by Women in the Process of Being a Doctor and First Professor and Histologist: Kamile Şevki Mutlu'', which summarizes the contributions of Kamile Şevki Mutlu, who was one of the makers of the field of Pathology and Histology, to these two disciplines, also reveals the visibility of Turkish women with the Republic.

The change and development of human rights in the world and in Türkiye has led to the importance of patients' rights and to make relevant regulations in our country's health legislation. The fourth article titled ''The Development of Patient Rights in Turkish Healthcare Legislation from the Establishment of the Republic to the Present'' summarizes this development for us, and allows us to see the place of ''Patient Rights'' in the health legislation of the Republic of Türkiye chronologically.

The article titled ''Historical Development of Assisted Reproductive Techniques and Their Place in Country Policies'' focuses on how assisted reproductive policies have changed in the historical process with our Republic and the place of this change in policies.

''Anesthesiology and Reanimation in Türkiye in the 100th Year of Turkish Republic'' in this article titled, the stages of anesthesiology in our country are briefly summarized. Theses, associations, and publications on anesthesia in the field of reanimation can be accessed.

Emergency medicine, where even seconds are important, is a very specialty field that was formed in line with the needs with the developments in health and technology in the Republican Period. The article titled ''Development of Emergency Health Services in the Republican Era'' reveals this development.

It is seen that in the article titled ''Legal Regulations on Health from Atatürk's Death to Socialization in Health (1938-1960)'', some regulations that shape health since the end of the Refik Saydam period have been included.

In the article examining the effects of religion on Health and Health Policies in line with the current COVID-19 example, the effect of religion on the process and people in the formation of policies was examined.

Finally, in ''Contribution of Medicine and Health History Museums to Combating Epidemic Diseases in the Republican Period in the Light of Objects and Documents Reaching Today'' our book chapters end with the article examining.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hülya ÖZTÜRK
Editor

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