Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia In Children and Adolescents

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Nazan SARPER
Kocaeli Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk Hematolojisi ve Onkolojisi BD, Kocaeli, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Çocukluk çağı akut lenfoblastik lösemilerinde (ALL), gelişmiş merkezlerde %90'lar civarına ulaşmış olan sağkalım sonuçları, çocuk hematoloji-onkoloji uzmanlarının uluslararası işbirliği ve düzenledikleri çok merkezli, ileriye dönük randomize araştırmaları ile başarılmıştır. ALL, bu çağın kanserlerinin yaklaşık %25'ini oluşturmaktadır.

Flow-sitometri ve genetikteki gelişmeler sayesinde lösemi hücresinin biyolojisini daha iyi anlamak ve kemoterapiye iyi cevap veren ve vermeyen alt grupları belirlemek mümkün olmuştur. Kemoterapiye alınan cevabın sadece morfoloji ile değil, akım sitometri ve moleküler genetik yöntemlerle de değerlendirilebilmesi, minimal kalıntı hastalık kavramını ortaya koymuştur. Minimal kalıntı hastalık tedavi yoğunluğunu belirlemenin yanı sıra hangi olgulara kemik iliği nakli yapılması gerektiği konusunda da yol gösterici olmuştur. Hedefe yönelik tedaviler, bilinatumomab gibi antikorlar, tedaviye dirençli olguların yaşam şansını artırmıştır. Son seçenek olarak uygulanan şimerik antijen reseptör-T hücreleri (CAR-T) de ALL ile savaşın bir parçasıdır. Hastanın lenfositleri vücut dışına alınmakta, uygulanan laboratuvar yöntemleri ile bu hücrelerin tümör antijenlerini tanıması sağlanmakta ve tekrar hastaya verilerek kanser hücrelerinin yok edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Diğer önemli konu da tedavinin erken ve geç dönem yan etkilerini en aza indirme çabalarıdır. ALL'de yirmi yıl kadar önce yaygın olarak uygulanan koruyucu kraniyal radyoterapinin artık çok sınırlı sayıda hastaya uygulanması da sevindirici bir gelişmedir.

Kırk yıla yaklaşan meslek hayatımın özellikle 2000 sonrası döneminde internet sayesinde bilgiye kolay erişmenin mutluluğunu yaşadım. Hematoloji-onkoloji hekimlerinin yoğun hasta hizmetleri ve mezuniyet öncesi ve sonrası öğrencilerine verdikleri eğitimlerin yanı sıra gelişmeleri takip etmelerinin de güç olduğu bir gerçektir. Konusunda deneyimli yazarların emeği ile derlenen bu kitabın, meslektaşlarımızın güncel bilgileri gözden geçirmesini sağlayacak bir kaynak olmasını amaçladık. Amacına ulaşmasını dilerken tüm yazarlarımıza ve Türkiye Klinikleri Yazı İşleri Birimine teşekkür ediyorum. Tüm lösemili çocuklarımıza sağlıklı ve uzun yaşam dileklerimle.

Prof. Dr. Nazan SARPER
Editör
Survival outcomes of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemi (ALL) which is about 90% in advanced centers, is achieved by the multicenter prospective randomized trials and international collobaration of pediatric hemato oncologists. ALL represents 25% of childhood cancers.

Thanks to the developments in flow-cytometry and genetics; it has been possible to better understand the biology of the leukemia cell, and identify subgroups good and poor responding to chemotherapy. To evaluate the response to chemotherapy not only by morphology but also by flow cytometry and molecular genetics methods has revealed the concept of minimal residual disease. Minimal residual disease, in addition to determining the treatment intensity, also provided guidance on which patients should undergo bone marrow transplantation. Targeted therapies and antibodies such as bilatumomab have increased the chance of survival of treatment-resistant cases. Chimeric antigen receptor-T cells (CAR-T) applied as last option are also part of the fight against ALL. The patient's lymphocytes are taken out of the body, these cells are enabled to recognize tumor antigens with the applied laboratory methods, and it is aimed to destroy the cancer cells by giving them back to the patient. Another important issue is the effort to minimize the early and late side effects of treatment. It is a pleasing development that protective cranial radiotherapy, which was widely applied in the treatment of ALL 20 years ago, is now applied to a very limited number of patients.

Thanks to the internet, especially after 2000 of my professional life which is nearly forty years, I experienced the happiness of accessing information easily. However, it is a fact that it is difficult for hematology-oncology physicians to follow the developments in addition to the intensive patient services and the training they give to their pre and post-graduate students. We aimed that this book, which was compiled with the effort of experienced writers, will be a resource that will enable our colleagues to review current information. I would like to thank all authors and Türkiye Klinikleri Editorial Unit while wishing to reach our goal. I wish all our children with leukemia a healthy and long life.

Prof. Dr. Nazan SARPER
Editor

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