Management of Delays or Impairments of Language and Speech Development in Children

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Zuhal GÜNDOĞDU
Kocaeli Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Sosyal Pediatri BD, Kocaeli, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Çocuk gelişiminin en önemli basamaklarından biri dil ve konuşma edinimi ve gelişimidir. Dil ve konuşma ''gelişimi; seslerin, kelimelerin, sayıların ve sembollerin kazanılması, saklanılması ve dilin kurallarına uygun olarak kullanılmasını'' sağlayan, doğumdan itibaren başlayan yaşam boyu devam eden bir süreci ifade eder.1,2 Dil gelişimindeki herhangi bir gecikme veya gerileme sağlıklı gelişim sıkıntılarının ilk ve önemli bir işareti olarak kabul edilir.3,4 Dildeki herhangi bir gelişme problemi sadece iletişim açısından değil çocuğun ileriki yaşantısının her kesimini olumsuz etkileyebilecektir.5

Çocuk sağlığını pek çok yönden etkileyen ''Dil ve Konuşma Gelişimi ve Sorunlarına Yaklaşım'' konusunda değerli hocalarımızın katkılarıyla birlikte hekimlerimizi aydınlatmak amacıyla bu kitabı hazırlamayı uygun buldum. Ayrıca Sosyal Pediatri alanında Çocuk Sağlığı İzlem muayenelerinin bir parçası olan dil ve konuşma gelişiminin değerlendirilmesi hem ilgi alanım hem de doktora tezim olduğu için bu konuyu bu kitapta toplamaya çalışmak özellikle istedim.

Dilin ve konuşma gelişiminin tek başına, bağımsız olan bir süreç olmadığı veçocuğun ilk yıllarından başlayan ve yaşı ilerleyip geliştikçe birçok faktörden etkilenen bir süreç olduğu bilinmektedir.6 Çocuğun genetik ve bireysel özellikleri, sağlığı, zekâ kapasitesi, eğitimi, ailesinin sosyoekonomik durumu, mesleği ve eğitimi, sosyal çevresi, kardeş sayısı, ikiz kardeş olma, çocuğa bakan kişinin ve ebeveynin tutumu ve medya gibi birçok nedenin etkileri olabilmektedir. Ancak etkileyen faktörlerden birkaçına bu kitapta yer verebildik.

''İki Dilli Çocuklarda Dil ve Konuşma Gelişimi'' konusu Zuhal Gündoğdu ve ''Anne Sütü ile Beslenmenin Dil ve Konuşma Gelişimine Etkisi'' Nalan Karabayır ve Şeyma Karatekin tarafından sunuldu. Dil gelişimi başta olmak üzere çocuk gelişimini; ekran başında geçirilen fazla zaman negatif olarak et- kilemektedir.7,8 Kitapta ''Medya Maruziyetinin Dil ve Konuşma Gelişimine Etkisi'' Selim Öncel ve Ömer Kardaş tarafından açıklandı. ''Çocuklarda Dil ve Konuşma Gelişiminde Ebeveyn Tutumunun Etkisi''ni Emel Örün açıklarken, ''Dil Bağı Olan Bebeklerde Dil ve Konuşma Gelişimi'' Melike Zeynep Tuğrul Aksakal tarafından anlatıldı. Ayrıca dil veya konuşma gelişimi; dikkat eksikliği/hiperaktivite bozukluğu gibi duygusal veya davranışsal sorunların olduğu hastalıkların beraberinde etkilenerek bozulduğu gibi, Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu dâhil olmak üzere nörogelişimsel veya metabolik bir hastalığı olan çocuklarda da etkilenmektedir.9 İkisi de sık rastlanılan bozukluklar olduğu için ''Otizm Spektrum Bozuklukları ve Dil ve Konuşma Gelişimi'' Burcu Kardaş tarafından ve ''Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu ve Dil ve Konuşma Gelişimi'' Öykü Özbörü Aşkan tarafından incelendi. Sıklıkla Çocuk Sağlığı izlem muayeneleri sırasında gördüğümüz ''Konuşmada Akıcılık Bozuklukları'' Dil Terapisti olan Ayşe Aydın Uysal ve Ahsen Erim tarafından incelendi ve sunuldu.

Konuşma ve dil gelişimsel gecikmeleri; çocukların en yaygın gelişimsel engelliliğidir. Ebeveynler genellikle çocuğunun kendini ifade edememesi konusunda endişelenirler. Ancak çocuğun anlamasındaki gecikmelerin farkında olmadıkları için ebeveynlerin %30'u özellikle 12-18. aylardan başlayarak birinci basamak poliklinik ziyaretleri sırasında dil gelişimi ile ilgili endişelerini dile getirmektedir.3,9,10 Bu tür gelişimsel gecikmelerin erken tanınması için düzenli olarak standart gelişim tarama testleri yapılması önerilmektedir. Amerikan Pediatri Akademisi (APA), gelişimsel izlemin tüm çocuk sağlığı muayenelerinde yapılmasına ek olarak, standardize edilmiş gelişim değerlendirmesinin yapılmasını önermektedir.11 Pediatri hekimleri tarafından dil ve konuşma gecikmelerinin erken anlaşılması ve birincil önlemlerin uygulanması önemlidir.10,11 Pediatrik birinci basamak sağlık işlevleri arasında; aileyi çocuğunun dil gelişimi konusunda bilgilendirmek ve teşvik etmek, dil gelişimi ile ilgili endişelerini azaltmak ve/veya dil gelişimi sorunlarını tespit etmek yer almaktadır.9,12,13 ''Dil ve Konuşma Geriliklerini Tarama ve Önleme'' yazısıyla da bu konunun daha açık ve hekimlerimizin yararlanabileceği şekilde anlatılması, Zuhal Gündoğdu ve Özge Yendur Sezer tarafından yapıldı.

Sonuç olarak, dil ve konuşmanın sağlıklı gelişebilmesi için desteklenmesi ve konuşma ve dil bozukluklarının erken tanı ve tedavisinin yapılması, çocuğun ileriki hayatında olabilecek en iyi hâle gelmesi açısından hayati önem taşımaktadır.

Bu kitapta emeği geçen tüm hocalarımıza, bu kitabı hazırlama imkânı veren Türkiye Klinikleri ailesine teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Kitabı hazırlamada yardım ve sabırlarını esirgemeyen, sevgili eşim Prof. Dr. Özcan Gündoğdu'ya ve hayatıma girdiklerinden itibaren bana enerji veren kızıma ve oğluma sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım.
Prof. Dr. Zuhal GÜNDOĞDU
Editör

KAYNAKLAR
1. Kaya P. 3-6 yaş grubu otizmli ve normal gelişim gösteren çocukların sözcük dağarcığı düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Mersin: Çağ Üniversitesi; 2016. Erişim linki: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=rkd9cUG2UfctWaFyxa74RA&no=0T1hQyCp59c8s18GoNsNaQ Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2023.
2. Morse AF, Cangelosi A. Why are there developmental stages in language learning? A developmental robotics model of language development. Cogn Sci. 2017;41 Suppl 1:32-51. doi: 10.1111/cogs.12390.
3. Sertgil NK, Özen DŞ, Gökçay EG. Bebeklik ve erken çocukluk döneminde gelişimsel risk tespiti için Sosyal İletişim Alan Tarama Testi (SİATT). Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2015;58:87-95.
4. Wetherby AM, Allen L, Cleary J, Kublin K, Goldstein H. Validity and reliability of the communication and symbolic behavior scales developmental profile with very young children. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2002;45(6):1202-18. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2002/097).
5. Acarlar F. Çocuklarda dilin değerlendirilmesi: betimleyici yaklaşım. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2002;35(1- 2):121-7. doi: 10.1501/Egifak_0000000060.
6. Undiyaundeye FA, Basake Julius AB. Processess of children's learning and speech development in early years. Int J Soc Sci Res. 2018;4(2):126-34. doi: 10.20319/pijss.2018.42.126134.
7. Gündoğdu Z, Seytepe Ö, Pelit BM, Doğru H, Güner B, Arıkız E, et al. Okul öncesi çocuklarda medya kullanımı. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;2(2):6-10. doi: 10.30934/kusbed.358563.
8. Kirkorian HL, Pempek TA, Murphy LA, Schmidt ME, Anderson DR. The impact of background television on parent-child interaction. Child Dev. 2009;80(5):1350-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01337.x.
9. Macias MM, Twyman KA. Speech and language development and disorders. In: Voigt RG, Macias MM, Myers SM, eds. American Academy of Pediatrics, Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 1st ed. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2011. p.201- 19.
10. Feldman HM. How young children learn language and speech. Pediatr Rev. 2019;40(8):398-411. doi: 10.1542/pir.2017-0325.
11. Lipkin PH. Developmental and behavioral surveillance and screening within the medical home. In: Voigt RG, Macias MM, Myers SM, eds. American Academy of Pediatrics, Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 1st ed. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2011. p.69-92.
12. Aites J, Schonwald A (authors), Bridgemohan C (section editor), Torchia MM (deputy editor). Developmental-behavioral surveillance and screening in primary care. UpToDate 2019. Cited: March 5, 2023. Available from: https://fhop.ucsf.edu/sites/fhop.ucsf.edu/files/custom_download/Developmental-behavioral%20surveillance%20and%20screening%20in%20primary%20care%20-%20UpToDate.pdf
13. Council on Children With Disabilities; Section on Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics; Bright Futures Steering Committee; Medical Home Initiatives for Children With Special Needs Project Advisory Committee. Identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders in the medical home: an algorithm for developmental surveillance and screening. Pediatrics. 2006;118(1):405-20. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-1231. Erratum in: Pediatrics. 2006;118(4):1808-9.
One of the most important stages of children's development is their language acquisition and development. Language and speech development starts before birth and continues to develop with the child's biological growth.1,2 Evaluating speech and language development is crucial in determining any developmental problems, as any delay in speech and language development can provide important early indications.3,4 It is important to notice any disorder or delay in language and speech development not only with respect to their current communication attempts but also for all aspects of their future lives.5

I collaborated with my renowned colleagues to write ''Management of Delays or Impairments in Language and Speech Development'' in order to educate clinicians and create awareness about this critical topic in child health. Furthermore, the evaluation of language and speech development is not only a part of well-child clinic examinations in social pediatrics, but it is also the subject of my Ph.D. thesis in social pediatrics; hence, this book has both a personal and professional interest for me.

Speech and language development is not stationary but a dynamic process as time goes by and gets influenced by so many factors with respect to a child's age.6 Hereditary effects, individual characteristics, health, intelligence, education, parental education and socio-economic status, parental jobs, number of siblings, twins, the attitude of the person who takes care of the child, and the media are some of these factors. However, only a handful of these numerous effects have been discussed in this book.

While Zuhal Gündoğdu presents a review ''Language and Speech Development in Bilingual Children'' and Nalan Karabayır and Şeyma Karatekin pro- . vide a review on ''The Effect of Breastfeeding on Language and Speech Development''. Child development, especially language development, gets affected negatively by the time children spend in front of TVs or using electronics devices.7,8 While, Selim Öncel and Ömer Kardaş discuss and explain ''The Effect of Media Exposure on Language and Speech Development'', Emel Örün presents ''The Effect of Parental Attitude on Language and Speech Development in Children''. Melike Zeynep Tuğrul Aksakal explains ''Language and Speech Development in Babies with Tongue-Tie''. Furthermore, language or speech development is affected by diseases with emotional or behavioral problems, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, as well as in children with neuro-developmental or metabolic problems, including Autism Spectrum Disorder.9 Since both of these diseases are common disorders, a review on ''Autism Spectrum Disorders and Language and Speech Development'' is presented by Burcu Kardaş and ''Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Language and Speech Development'' is explained by Öykü Özbörü Aşkan. ''Speech Fluency Disorders'', which we often see during child health followup examinations, was analyzed and presented by Language Therapists Ayşe Aydın Uysal and Ahsen Erim.

The most frequent developmental problems in children are delays in speech and language development. Parents frequently express concern about their children's incapacity to express themselves. However, 30% of parents are unaware of their child's developmental delays, and they usually raise their worries about language development during their primary care outpatient clinic appointments between the ages of 12 and 18 months. 3,9-10 It is recommended that standard developmental screening tests be performed on a regular basis for the early recognition of such developmental delays. The American Academy of Pediatrics (APA) recommends standardized developmental assessment in addition to developmental follow-up in all child health examinations.11 Early understanding of language and speech delays and implementation of primary prevention by pediatricians are important.10,11 Pediatric primary health care functions include informing and encouraging the family about their child's language development, reducing their concerns about language development, and/or detecting language developmental problems.9,12,13 Zuhal Gündoğdu ve Özge Yendur Sezer present a review entitled ''Screening of Language and Speech Delays and Prevention''.

In conclusion, supporting language and speech for healthy development, early diagnosis and treatment of any speech and language disorders are vital for the children's future lives.,

I would like to thank all of my esteemed colleagues, who kindly contributed to this book, and the Türkiye Klinikleri family for giving me the opportunity to prepare it.

Last but not least, I would also like to thank my husband, Prof. Dr. Özcan Gündoğdu for his patience throughout, as well as my daughter and little son, who have been my pride and joy.

Prof. Dr. Zuhal GÜNDOĞDU
Editor

REFERENCES
1. Kaya P. 3-6 yaş grubu otizmli ve normal gelişim gösteren çocukların sözcük dağarcığı düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Mersin: Çağ Üniversitesi; 2016. Erişim linki: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=rkd9cUG2UfctWaFyxa74RA&no=0T1hQyCp59c8s18GoNsNaQ Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2023.
2. Morse AF, Cangelosi A. Why are there developmental stages in language learning? A developmental robotics model of language development. Cogn Sci. 2017;41 Suppl 1:32-51. doi: 10.1111/cogs.12390.
3. Sertgil NK, Özen DŞ, Gökçay EG. Bebeklik ve erken çocukluk döneminde gelişimsel risk tespiti için Sosyal İletişim Alan Tarama Testi (SİATT). Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2015;58:87-95.
4. Wetherby AM, Allen L, Cleary J, Kublin K, Goldstein H. Validity and reliability of the communication and symbolic behavior scales developmental profile with very young children. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2002;45(6):1202-18. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2002/097).
5. Acarlar F. Çocuklarda dilin değerlendirilmesi: betimleyici yaklaşım. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2002;35(1- 2):121-7. doi: 10.1501/Egifak_0000000060.
6. Undiyaundeye FA, Basake Julius AB. Processess of children's learning and speech development in early years. Int J Soc Sci Res. 2018;4(2):126-34. doi: 10.20319/pijss.2018.42.126134.
7. Gündoğdu Z, Seytepe Ö, Pelit BM, Doğru H, Güner B, Arıkız E, et al. Okul öncesi çocuklarda medya kullanımı. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;2(2):6-10. doi: 10.30934/kusbed.358563.
8. Kirkorian HL, Pempek TA, Murphy LA, Schmidt ME, Anderson DR. The impact of background television on parent-child interaction. Child Dev. 2009;80(5):1350-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01337.x.
9. Macias MM, Twyman KA. Speech and language development and disorders. In: Voigt RG, Macias MM, Myers SM, eds. American Academy of Pediatrics, Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 1st ed. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2011. p.201- 19.
10. Feldman HM. How young children learn language and speech. Pediatr Rev. 2019;40(8):398-411. doi: 10.1542/pir.2017-0325.
11. Lipkin PH. Developmental and behavioral surveillance and screening within the medical home. In: Voigt RG, Macias MM, Myers SM, eds. American Academy of Pediatrics, Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 1st ed. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2011. p.69-92.
12. Aites J, Schonwald A (authors), Bridgemohan C (section editor), Torchia MM (deputy editor). Developmental-behavioral surveillance and screening in primary care. UpToDate 2019. Cited: March 5, 2023. Available from: https://fhop.ucsf.edu/sites/fhop.ucsf.edu/files/custom_download/Developmental-behavioral%20surveillance%20and%20screening%20in%20primary%20care%20-%20UpToDate.pdf
13. Council on Children With Disabilities; Section on Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics; Bright Futures Steering Committee; Medical Home Initiatives for Children With Special Needs Project Advisory Committee. Identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders in the medical home: an algorithm for developmental surveillance and screening. Pediatrics. 2006;118(1):405-20. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-1231. Erratum in: Pediatrics. 2006;118(4):1808-9.

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5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com