Reproduction Management in Domestic Animals, Laboratory Animals and Determination of the Optimum Artificial Insemination Time in Domectic Animals

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Umut TAŞDEMİR
Aksaray Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Dölerme ve Suni Tohumlama ABD, Aksaray, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Küresel ısınmanın ve nüfus artışının olumsuz etkilerinin yoğun yaşandığı günümüzde, yeterli gıdaya ulaşım ve dengeli beslenme, insanoğlunun en önemli problemlerinden biri hâline dönüşmüştür. Bu nedenle, milyonlarca insanın ihtiyacı olan besin maddelerini sağlayan, insan gıdası olarak tüketilen, çiftlik hayvanlarının sürdürülebilir üretimi, günümüzün en önemli hedefi hâline gelmiştir. Gerek entansif gerekse ekstansif yapılan hayvancılık ve hayvansal üretimin temelini; istenilen zaman dilimi içerisinde yavru elde etmek, verim artışı sağlamak, verimsel üretim yaşını arttırmak ve hayvan refahına uygun yaşam şartlarını sağlamak oluşturmaktadır. Diğer taraftan binek ve çeki amacıyla at, koruma ve rehabilitasyon için köpek ve kedi, laboratuvar ve ilaç çalışmaları için laboratuvar hayvanları gibi türler olmak üzere, farklı amaçlarla yetiştirilen hayvanlarının üremelerini sağlamak ve kontrol etmek; reprodüksiyon konusunu başka bir boyutuyla ele almayı gerektirir.

Çiftlik ve laboratuvar hayvanlarında etkin bir fertilite programı uygulamak için, reprodüktif biyolojiyi, ovaryum dinamiğini, türlere özgü nöro hormonal mekanizmayı öğrenmek, güncel gelişmelerle birlikte üremede etkin olan alternatif metot ve teknolojileri analitik olarak değerlendirmek, doğru bir seçenek olarak görülmektedir. Ovaryum üzerinde gelişen yapılar olarak dominant folikülü, korpus luteumun yaşam süresini ve ovulasyon zamanını belirlemek, spermatozoon yaşam süresini ve kapasitasyon süresini bilmek, yapılan suni tohumlama sonrasında fertilite oranlarının istenen seviyeye ulaşmasını sağlayacaktır.

Hayvanlarda üreme ile ilgili nöro-hormonal mekanizma, türe göre farklılıklar göstermektedir. Sığır ve manda; mevsime bağlı olmayan hayvan türü, at, koyun, keçi, köpek ve kedi ise mevsime bağlı hayvan türü olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu nedenle üremenin denetlenmesinde ve en uygun suni tohumlama zamanının belirlenmesinde hayvan türü dikkate alınarak uygulama yapılmalıdır. Suni tohumlama öncesinde hayvanların östrus döneminde olması gerekir. Özellikle östrus dönemi kısa süren sığır ve manda türlerinin reprodüksiyon yönetiminde, östrus belirleme yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Östrus belirleme yöntemlerinin uygulanamadığı durumda ise senkronizasyonla birlikte zaman ayarlı yapılan suni tohumlama, uygulama alanı bulmuştur. Koyun ve keçilerde ise, sezon dışı reprodüksiyonun yönetiminde ve sezonda doğumları toplulaştırmak amacıyla hormonal tedavi uygulanmaktadır. Diğer türlerle karşılaştırıldığında, kısrak, köpek ve kedide östrus döneminin uzun olmasından dolayı suni tohumlama zamanının ayarlanmasının daha etkin olduğu belirtilmiştir

Bu kitapta; çiftlik hayvanları ile birlikte laboratuvar hayvanlarının reprodüksiyonunun yönetimi, hormonal mekanizma, hormonal tedavi, uygulanan senkronizasyon yöntemleri ve en uygun suni tohumlama zamanı açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Kitabın konu ile ilgili akademik personele, araştırmacılara, veteriner hekim meslektaşlarıma ve veteriner fakültesi öğrencilerine çalışmalarında yardımcı olması dileğiyle, hazırlanmasında katkısı olan başta değerli bilim insanları hocalarım olmak üzere, konunun ele alınmasına aracılık eden ve yayınlayan Türkiye Klinikleri çalışanlarına teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Prof. Dr. Umut TAŞDEMİR
Editör
In today's world, where the negative effects of global warming and population growth are intense, access to adequate food and balanced nutrition has become one of the most important problems of human beings. For this reason, the sustainable production of farm animals, which provide the nutrients needed by millions of people and are consumed as human food, has become the most important goal of today. The basis of both intensive and extensive animal husbandry and animal production is to obtain offspring within the desired time period, to increase yield, to obtain the productive life and to provide living conditions suitable for animal welfare. On the other hand, providing and controlling the reproduction of animals breed for different purposes, such as horses for riding and towing purposes, dogs and cats for protection and rehabilitation, laboratory animals for laboratory and drug studies, requires addressing the issue of reproduction from another purpose.

In order to implement an effective fertility program in farm and laboratory animals, learning reproductive biology, ovarian dynamics, species-specific neuro-hormonal mechanism, and analytically evaluating alternative methods and technologies that are effective in reproduction with current developments are seen as the right option. Determining the dominant follicle, the life span of the corpus luteum and the ovulation time as the structures developing on the ovary, and knowing the spermatozoon lifetime and capacitation time will enable the fertility rates to reach the desired level after artificial insemination.

The neuro-hormonal mechanism of reproduction in animals differs according to the species. Cattle and buffalo are classified as non-seasonal animal species, while horse, sheep, goat, dog and cat are classified as seasonal animal species. Thus, the application should be made by taking into account the animal species in the control of reproduction and determination of the most appropriate artificial insemination time. Animals must be in estrus before artificial insemination. Especially in the reproduction management of cattle and buffalo species whose estrus period is short, estrus determination methods are used. In cases where estrus determination methods cannot be applied, timed artificial insemination performed with synchronization. In sheep and goats, hormonal therapy is applied in the management of out off season reproduction and in order to consolidation births in the season. Compared to other species, it was stated that the artificial insemination time was more efficient to adjust because of the longer estrus period in mares, dogs and cats.

In this book, the management of the reproduction of farm animals and laboratory animals, hormonal mechanism, hormonal treatment, applied synchronization methods and the most appropriate artificial insemination time are tried to be explained. I would like to express my gratitude to the Türkiye Klinikleri staff who mediated and published the book, especially my esteemed scientists, who contributed to the preparation of the book, with the hope that it will help the academic staff, researchers, veterinary colleagues and veterinary faculty students in their studies.

Prof. Dr. Umut TAŞDEMİR
Editor

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