Hepatitis B Virus Infection

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Neşe DEMİRTÜRK
Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji ABD, Afyonkarahisar, TÜRKİYE
Article Language: TR
Hepatit B virüsü (HBV), karaciğerde hem akut hem de kronik enfeksiyona neden olabilen, kronik hastalık oluşturduğu hastalarda da siroz ve hepatosellüler kanser gelişimine zemin hazırlayan onkojen özellikte bir virüstür. HBV'nin karaciğer kanseri etiyolojisinde ilk sırada yer aldığı bilinmektedir. Tüm dünyada yaklaşık 260 milyon civarında kronik hepatit B hastası olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Yılda yaklaşık olarak 900.000 kişi hepatit B enfeksiyonu nedeni ile yaşamını yitirmektedir. Hepatit B enfeksiyonuna karşı yüksek düzeyde koruma sağlayan ve 1980'li yılların başından beri uygulanan etkin ve güvenli bir aşısı olmasına rağmen ne yazık ki HBV enfeksiyonu dünyada önemli halk sağlığı sorunu oluşturan enfeksiyon hastalıkları arasındaki yerini hâlâ korumaktadır. Ülkemiz de HBV enfeksiyonu prevalansı açısından, dünyada orta endemisite bölgesinde yer almakta ve hepatit B yüzey antijen (HBsAg) pozitiflik oranlarının %2-4 arasında olduğu bilinmektedir.

Kronik hepatit B (KHB) gelişen ve tedavi gerektiren hastalarda, gelişim süresi bazen çok uzun yıllar alsa da siroz ya da karaciğer kanseri gelişimi kaçınılmazdır. Bu hastaların çoğunda, belirgin bir klinik yakınmanın olmaması, hastaların hasta olduklarını fark edememelerine ve tedavinin gecikmesine neden olmaktadır. Yapılan bir metanalizden çıkarılan matematiksel modelleme ile tüm dünyada 20-64 milyon kişinin KHB tedavisi gerektirdiği bildirilmektedir. Akut HBV enfeksiyonu sonrasında antikor yanıtı geliştiren ve iyileşmiş kabul edilen kişilerin bile herhangi bir immünosupresyona maruz kalmaları durumunda reaktivasyon riski taşıdığı da bilinmektedir. Zira HBV replikasyonu sırasında, viral DNA kovalent bağlarla kapanmış halkasal DNA (cccDNA) yapısına dönüşerek hepatosit genomuna integre olur. Akut enfeksiyondan sonra HBsAg kaybolup anti-HBs yanıtı gelişse bile bu integrasyon kaybolmamaktadır.

Günümüzde, güncel KHB tedavi rehberlerinde, tedavide ilk seçenek olarak, genetik direnç bariyeri yüksek ve etkinliği oldukça iyi olan üç oral antiviral (OAV) ilaçtan (entekavir, tenofovir disproksil fumarat ve tenofovir alafenamid fumarat) biri önerilmektedir. Günlük pratikte gerek uygulama zorluğu gerekse düşük etkinlik nedeni ile tercih edilmese de, seçilmiş hastalarda pegile interferon tedavisi de uygulanabilir. Uzun yıllardır gerçek yaşam verileri ile de deneyimlenmiş olan OAV ilaçlar ile, üç yılı aşan tedavilerde %90'ın üzerinde oranlarda virolojik, biyokimyasal ve histolojik yanıt alındığı gösterilmiştir. Ancak mevcut ilaçların hiç biri henüz tam kür sağlanmasına olanak tanımamaktadır. Son yıllarda geliştirilen HBV-hepatosit giriş inhibitörleri, cccDNA ya da HBx antijenini hedef alan antiviral ilaçlar ve henüz faz 1-2 aşamasında olan immünomodülatör ilaçlar ile KHB tedavisinde tam kür hedefine ulaşılması ümit edilmektedir.

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ), KHB ve kronik hepatit C için, 2015-2030 yılları arasını kapsayan bir eliminasyon programı başlatmış olup 2015 yılında %1 olan tedaviye ulaşabilen KHB hasta oranını 2030 yılında %80'e çıkarmayı hedeflemektedir. Yine aynı program çerçevesinde, 2030 yılında hepatit B insidansında %90 azalma, hepatit B'ye bağlı ölümlerde de %65 oranında azalma sağlanması hedeflenmektedir. Programa katılan tüm ülkelerde, yol haritaları oluşturulmuş olmakla birlikte 2019 sonunda hayatımıza giren COVID-19 pandemisi nedeni ile bu programlar istenilen düzeyde gerçekleştirilememiştir. Ülkemizde de Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığınca bir eliminasyon programı oluşturulmuş, ancak ne yazık ki etkin şekilde hayata geçirilmesi mümkün olmamıştır.

HBV enfeksiyonu ile etkin mücadelede hem hekimlerde hem de toplumda farkındalık yaratmak çok önem taşımaktadır. HBsAg taşıyıcısı olan bireylerin, özellikle risk gruplarının taranması ile tespit edilmesi ve bu şekilde tedaviye ulaşımlarının sağlanması, hastalığın yol açacağı olumsuz sonuçları engellemek ve bulaştırıcılığı azaltmak için gerekli en temel uygulamaların başında yer almaktadır. Yine HBV enfeksiyonu açısından risk taşıyan özel gruplar başta olmak üzere, ülkemiz gibi HBV enfeksiyonu açısından orta ve yüksek endemisite bölgelerinde yaşayan kişilerin tümünün HBV aşıları ile aşılanması DSÖ viral hepatit eliminasyon hedeflerine ulaşmakta son derece önemlidir.

Konusunda uzman değerli akademisyen arkadaşlarımla birlikte hazırladığımız bu kitapta; HBV'nin virolojisini, akut ve KHB'nin doğal seyrini, patogenezini, mikrobiyolojik ve klinik tanısını, yol açtıkları klinik tablolarının seyrini, mevcut tedavilerini, özel hasta gruplarında HBV enfeksiyonunun klinik seyri ve korunmasını, son olarak da DSÖ viral hepatit eliminasyonun en önemli bileşeni olan HBV enfeksiyonundan korunma konularını hep birlikte detaylı olarak irdeledik. Tüm yazarlara teşekkürlerimi sunuyor, hazırladığımız bu kitabın tüm okuyuculara ışık tutmasını diliyorum.

Prof. Dr. Neşe DEMİRTÜRK
Editör

Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi,
Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji ABD,
Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an oncogeneous virus that can cause both acute and chronic infections in the liver. It also facilitates the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer in patients with chronic disease. It is known that HBV most important factor in the etiology of liver cancer. It is estimated that there are about 260 million chronic hepatitis B patients worldwide. Approximately 900 000 people die annually due to hepatitis B infection. There is an effective and safe vaccine for HBV that provides a high level of protection and has been in use since the early 1980s. Despite this, unfortunately, HBV infection still maintains its place among the infectious diseases that constitute an important public health problem in the world. Türkiye is located in the middle endemicity region of the world in terms of the prevalence of HBV infection. It is known that hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity rates are between 2% and 4% in our country.

In patients who develop chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and require treatment, the development of cirrhosis or liver cancer is inevitable, although the development period sometimes takes many years. Most of these patients do not have any obvious clinical complaints. Therefore, patients do not to be aware of that they are infected with HBV and their treatment is delayed. With the mathematical modeling derived from a meta-analysis, it is reported that 20-64 million people all over the world need CHB treatment. It is also known that even individuals who develop an anti-HBs antibody response after acute HBV infection and, are considered recovered, at risk of reactivation if they are exposed to any immunosuppression. This is because HBV integrates into the hepatocyte genome during its replication, by transforming the viral DNA into a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) structure. Even if HBsAg disappears and anti-HBs response develops after acute infection, this integration does not disappear.

Currently, one of the three oral antiviral drugs (OAD) (entecavir, tenofovir dysproxil fumarate and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate) with high genetic resistance barrier and very good efficacy is recommended as the first choice in treatment in CHB treatment guidelines. Pegylated interferon treatment can also be applied in selected patients, although it is not preferred in daily practice due to the difficulty of administration and low efficiency. It has been shown that virological, biochemical and histological responses are obtained at rates of over 90% in treatments exceeding three years with OADs, which have been experienced for many years with real-life data, However, none of these drugs can provide a complete cure. Recently, it is hoped to reach the goal of full cure in CHB treatment with HBV-hepatocyte entry inhibitors, antiviral drugs targeting cccDNA or HBx antigen, and immunomodulatory drugs that are still in phase 1-2.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has launched an elimination program for CHB and chronic hepatitis C, covering the years 2015-2030. With this program, it aims to increase the rate of CHB pa tients who can avaible treatment from 1% in 2015 to 80% by 2030. It also aimed to In 2030, a 90% reduction in the incidence of hepatitis B and a 65% decrease in deaths due to hepatitis B. Although road maps have been created in all countries participating in the program, these programs could not be realized at the desired level due to the COVID-19 pandemic that entered our lives at the end of 2019. In our country, an elimination program was created by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Turkey, but unfortunately it was not possible to implement it effectively.

It is very important to raise awareness in both physicians and the community in the effective fight against HBV infection. Identifying individuals who are carriers of HBsAg by screening, especially risk groups, and ensuring their access to treatment in this way is one of the most basic practices necessary to prevent the negative consequences of the disease and to reduce contagion. It is extremely important to vaccinate all people living in medium and high endemicity regions, like our country, for HBV infection. Vaccination, especially of risk groups, is a basic requirement to achieve WHO viral hepatitis elimination targets.

In this book, which we have prepared together with my valuable academic friends who are experts in their fields; the virology, pathogenesis, microbiological and clinical diagnosis of HBV infection, the natural histories, clinical pictures, current treatments of acute and CHB, the clinical course and prevention of HBV infection in special patient groups, and the finally the prevention from HBV infection in the population, which is the most important component of WHO viral hepatitis elimination. I would like to thank all the authors and hope that this book we have prepared will shed light on all readers.

Prof. Dr. Neşe DEMİRTÜRK
Editor

Afyonkarahisar University of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine,
Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology,
Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye

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