Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Veterinary Sciences

.: REVIEW
Ocular Findings of Systemic Diseases in Dogs: Traditional Review
Köpeklerde Sistemik Hastalıkların Oküler Yansımaları: Geleneksel Derleme
Ali BELGEa , Ahmet GÜRSELa
aAydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Aydın, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci. 2025;16(1):31-40
doi: 10.5336/vetsci.2023-99771
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 There are many systemic diseases in dogs that have the potential to cause major changes in the eye due to its hypersensitivity to external factors and conditions. Taking all of this into consideration, the eye has a significant contribution to make to the veterinarian in the diagnosis of systemic diseases in dogs and in the management of these diseases. It is also possible to reach a diagnosis of a systemic disease after ophthalmologic examination in patients brought to the clinic with ocular symptoms. In addition, regular ophthalmic examinations in animals with systemic disease can prevent potential complications and provide an idea of the prognosis of treatment. While there are diseases that cause sudden blindness, such as Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome and immune-mediated retinitis, there are also eye diseases that develop more slowly due to infectious diseases. Agents such as Brucella canis, Aspergillosis spp., Dirofilaria immitis, Leishmania infantum, Ehrlichia spp., canine distemper virus and canine herpesvirus can cause infectious diseases that may present with ophthalmological findings. Endocrine system disorders (diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism), congenital disorders (EhlersDanlos syndrome, hydrocephalus), various drug toxicities (ivermectin toxicity, anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity) and developmental disorders (ceroid lipofuscinosis and GM1 gangliosidosis) may cause ophthalmological damage. The most common ocular manifestation of these diseases is uveitis. The aim of this review is to provide information on the ophthalmological findings of common systemic diseases and their treatments in dogs.

Keywords: Congenital; developmental; dogs; eye; infectious
ÖZET
 Köpeklerde birçok sistemik hastalığın gözde önemli değişimlere sebep olabilme potansiyeli bulunmaktadır. Bunun sebebi, gözün dış faktörlere ve hastalıklara karşı oldukça duyarlı olması ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Göz, tüm bu özellikler dikkate alındığı zaman, köpeklerde sistemik hastalıkların teşhisinde ve bu durumların tedavilerinin seyrinde veteriner hekimlere önemli katkılar sunmaktadır. Oküler bulgular nedeniyle kliniğe getirilen hastalarda oftalmolojik muayenenin gerçekleştirilmesinin ardından sistemik bir hastalığın teşhisine ulaşabilmek de mümkündür. Ayrıca sistemik bir hastalığı bulunan köpeklerde periyodik göz muayenesi yapılarak oluşabilecek potansiyel komplikasyonlar önlenebilir ve tedavinin prognozu hakkında bilgi sahibi olunabilir. Ani Gelişen Retina Dejenerasyon Sendromu ve immün kaynaklı retinit gibi ani körlükle ortaya çıkan hastalıklar olduğu gibi enfeksiyöz hastalıklara bağlı daha yavaş gelişen göz hastalıkları da vardır. Brucella canis, Aspergillus spp., Dirofilaria immitis, Leishmania infantum, Ehrlichia spp., canine distemper virüs ve canine herpes virüs gibi etkenler oftalmolojik bulgularla seyredebilen enfeksiyöz hastalıklara yol açabilmektedir. Endokrin sistem bozuklukları (diabetes mellitus, hiperadrenokortisizm, hipotiroidizm), kongenital hastalıklar (EhlersDanlos sendromu, hidrosefalus), çeşitli ilaç toksikasyonları (ivermektin toksikasyonu, antikoagülan rodentisit toksikasyonu) ve gelişimsel hastalıklar (seroid lipofusinozis ve GM-1 gangliosidoz) oftalmolojik hasara neden olabilmektedir. Üveit, köpeklerde bu bozuklukların seyri sırasında en fazla gözlenen oftalmolojik bulgudur. Bu derlemede, köpeklerde yaygın olarak görülen sistemik hastalıkların oluşturduğu oftalmolojik bulgular ve bunların sağaltımı hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Doğumsal; gelişimsel; köpekler; göz; enfeksiyöz
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4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com