Dermatolojide Goruntuleme Yontemleri

Nonmelanositik Deri Kanserlerinde Dermoskopi
Dermoscopy of Nonmelanocytic Skin Cancers
Ercan ARCAa
aAnkara Güven Hastanesi, Deri ve Zührevi Hastalıkları Kliniği, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
Arca E. Nonmelanositik deri kanserlerinde dermoskopi. Aydın F, editör. Dermatolojide Görüntüleme Yöntemleri. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p.16-26.
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Nonmelanositik deri kanseri (NMDK) her iki cinsiyeti de etkileyen en yaygın deri kanserlerini kapsar. Çoğunlukla bazal hücreli karsinom (BHK), aktinik keratoz (AK), keratoakantom (KA), Bowen hastalığı (BH) ve skuamöz hücreli karsinomu (SHK) içerir. Ayrıca Kaposi Sarkomu (KS) ve anjiyosarkom gibi vasküler maligniteler de NMDK'lerine dahil edilir. NMDK tümörlerinin çoğunda, morfolojik görünüm ile tanı kolaydır; bununla birlikte pigmentli ve pigmentsiz deri lezyonlarını ayırmak bazen zordur. Çıplak gözle, pigmentli lezyonların sadece yarısı doğru teşhis edilir; dermoskopi tanısal duyarlılığı % 95'e çıkarır. BHK tanısı için, özellikle pigmente tipi için klasik dermoskopi algoritması, pigment ağın bulunmamasını ve aşağıdaki kriterlerden en az birinin varlığını içerir: çoklu mavi/gri oval yuvalar, çoklu mavi/gri globüller, yaprak benzeri alanlar, tekerlek benzeri yapılar, dallanan damarlar ve ülserasyon. Bununla birlikte, BHK çok çeşitli dermoskopik özellikler de gösterebilir. Bu klasik olmayan özellikler arasında, yüzeyel BHK'da veya Pinkus'un Fibroepitelyoma'sında daha kısa görülen kısa-ince telanjiektaziler, konsantrik yapılar, çoklu küçük erozyonlar, çoklu odak mavi/gri noktalar, parlak beyaz-kırmızı yapısız alanlar gibi bazı ek kriterler bulunur. Dermoskopik olarak, yüz AK'leri genellikle kırmızı bir psödo-ağ paterni ve beyaz keratotik saç folikülü açıklıkları, 'çilek deseni', beyaz/sarı skuamlar, saç foliküllerini çevreleyen lineer veya kıvrımlı damarlar ve sarımsı keratotik tıkaçlar ortaya çıkarır. Çilek deseni, kıl foliküllerinin çevresinde belirgin bir pembe-kırmızı 'psödo-ağ paterni' oluşturan eritemden oluşur. BH'nın dermoskopisi glomerüler damarlar ve skuamlı bir yüzey ile karakterize edilen kendine özgü bir patern gösterir. Bu ipuçlarına ek olarak pigmentli BH, düzensiz pigment globüllerini bir yama tarzı dağılım, gri-kahverengi homojen pigmentasyon ve psödo-ağ da gösterebilir. Dermatoskopik muayenede AK'nin invaziv SHK'a ilerlemesi görülebilir. Başlangıçta AK kırmızı bir psödo-ağ ve "çilek deseni" gösterir. İntraepidermal karsinoma doğru ilerlemenin ilk adımı, kırmızı yıldız patlaması paterni ve sarı-beyaz opak skuamların aşamalı gelişimi ile karakterizedir. Başlangıçta, skuamlar ayrıktır; bununla birlikte, intraepidermal karsinoma daha fazla ilerledikçe, daha kalın hale gelirler ve baskın biçimde merkezi bir konumda birleşirler. Ayrıca, artmış neovaskülarizasyon, kümelenmiş noktalı/glomerüler damarların gelişimi görülebilir. İnvaziv SHK'a doğru ileri adımlar, uzun damarların aşamalı gelişimi, keratinizasyon ve ülserasyon ile karakterizedir. KS'nun dermoskopik özellikleri, kırmızımsı-mavimsi, pembemsi, beyazımsı veya violase arasında değişen renklerle homojen paterndir. Gökkuşağı spektrumuna benzer çok renkli alanların varlığı ile karakterize edilen gökkuşağı-benzeri patern, KS'nun en çarpıcı dermoskopik özelliğidir. Polarize dermoskopi ile görülebilir ve diğer deri tümörlerinde de görülebilir. KS'daki diğer bulgular skuamlı yüzey, küçük kahverengi globüller, beyaz yakalık, rozet işareti ve sarmal, noktalı ve kavisli damarlar gibi vasküler yapılardır. Bu makalede NMDK'lerin dermoskopik özelliklerinin bir özeti ve NMDK'lerin tanı ve tedavisi için dermoskopinin değerinden bahsedilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Dermoskopi; karsinom, bazal hücre; keratoz, aktinik; Bowen hastalığı; keratoakantom; karsinom,skuamöz hücre; sarkom, kaposi; deri neoplazmları
ABSTRACT
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common skin cancer affecting both sexes. It includes mostly basal cell carcinoma (BCC), actinic keratosis (AK), keratoacanthoma (KA), Bowen's disease (BD) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). And also vascular malignancies such as Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) and angiosarcoma are included in NMSCs. In most NMSC tumors, diagnosis is easy with morphologic appearance; however, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate the pigmented and nonpigmented skin lesions. With naked eye, only half-of-pigmented lesions are correctly diagnosed; dermoscopy increases the diagnostic sensitivity to 95%. Classical dermoscopy algorithm for the diagnosis of BCC, especially for the pigmented variant, includes the absence of pigmented network and the presence of at least one of the following criteria: multiple blue/gray ovoid nests, multiple blue/gray globulles, leaf-like areas, spoke-wheel structures, arborizing vessels and ulceration. However, BCC may reveal a large variety of dermoscopic features. These non-classical features include some additional criteria more frequently seen in superficial BCC or Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus such as short-fine superficial telangiectasia, concentric structures, multiple small erosions, multiple in focus blue/gray dots, shiny white-red structureless areas. Dermoscopically, facial AKs commonly reveal a red pseudonetwork pattern and white keratotic hair follicle openings, the 'strawberry pattern' white/yellow surface scales, linear or wavy vessels surrounding the hair follicles, and yellowish keratotic plugs. The strawberry pattern consists of an erythema forming a marked pink to-red 'pseudonetwork' around the hair follicles. Dermoscopy of BD shows a peculiar pattern characterized by glomerular vessels and a scaly surface. In addition to these clues, pigmented BD may exhibit irregular pigment globules in a patchydistribution, gray-brown homogeneous pigmentation, and pseudonetwork. Progression of AK into invasive SCC can be observed on dermatoscopic examination. Initially, AK shows a red pseudonetwork and "strawberry pattern". The first step of progressing toward intraepidermal carcinoma is characterized by progressive development of red starburst pattern and yellow-white opaque scales. Initially, scales are discrete; however, with further progression to intraepidermal carcinoma, they become thicker and coalesce to be located in a predominantly central position. Also, increased neovascularization, the development of clustered dotted/glomerular vessels, can be seen. Further steps toward invasive SCC are characterized by progressive development of elongated vessels, keratinization, and ulceration. Dermoscopic features of KS are homogenous with the color ranging from reddish to bluish, pinkish, whitish, or violaceous. Rainbow-like pattern that characterized by the presence of multicolored areas, compared with the rainbow spectrum, is the most striking dermoscopic feature of KS. It can be seen with polarized dermoscopy, and can be also seen in other skin tumors. The other findings in KS are scaly surface, small brown globules, white colarette, rosette sign, and vascular structures such as coiled, dotted and curved vessels. In this article, a summary of the dermoscopic features of NMSCs and also the value of dermoscopy for diagnosis and management of NMSCs will be discussed.

Keywords: Dermoscopy; carcinoma, basal cell; keratosis, actinic; Bowen's disease; keratoacanthoma; carcinoma, squamous cell; sarcoma, kaposi; skin neoplasms

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