Breast Cancer Surgery and Post-Surgical Treatment and Reconstruction

Meme Kanserinde Sistemik Onkolojik Tedaviler
Systemic Oncological Therapies in Breast Cancer
Gül BAŞARANa,b, Selçuk SEBERc
aAcıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Onkoloji BD, İstanbul, Türkiye
bAltunizade Hastanesi, Meme Sağlığı Merkezi, İstanbul, Türkiye
cTekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Onkoloji BD, Tekirdağ, Türkiye
Başaran G, Seber S. Meme kanserinde sistemik onkolojik tedaviler. Benlier E, editör. Meme Kanseri Cerrahisi ile Cerrahi Sonrası Tedavi ve Onarımları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2024. p.37-43.
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Meme kanseri Türkiye'de kadınlarda en sık görülen kanser türüdür. Yirmi yıl önce meme kanserinin farklı alt tipleri olduğu ve bu alt tiplerin farklı prognozlara sahip olduğu fark edildi. Günümüzde meme kanseri tedavisi sadece evreye göre değil tümörün alt tipine (hormon reseptörü pozitif, üçlü negatif veya Her-2 pozitif) göre de şekillenmektedir. Erken evrede amaç kür sağlamak, metastatik evrede ise yaşam kalitesini koruyarak sağkalımı uzatmaktır. Hormon reseptörü pozitif erken evre hastalıkta uzun süredir kullanılan endokrin tedaviye ek olarak yüksek risk gruplarında sağkalımı artırmak için yeni hedefe yönelik ajanlar geliştirilmiştir. 2015 yılından sonra hormon reseptörü pozitif metastatik tümörlerde tek başına endokrin tedavi yerini CDK4/6 inhibitörleri ile kombine endokrin tedaviye bırakmıştır. Erken evre yüksek riskli meme kanserli hastalarda CDK4/6 inhibitörlerinden abemaciclib adjuvan tedavi olarak anlamlı hastalıksız sağkalım avantajı sağlamıştır. Metastatik hastalıkta sadece CDK 4/6 inhibitörleri değil, PIK3CA ve mTOR yolak bloke edici ajanlar, yeni selektif östrojen reseptör blokerleri (SERB'ler), antikor ilaç konjugatları (sacituzumab govitecan ve trastuzumab deruxtecan) ikinci ve sonraki basamak tedaviler olarak tedavi algoritmasında yerini almıştır. T1N0 tümörler hariç Her2 pozitif meme kanserinde pertuzumab ve trastuzumab ile neoadjuvan tedavi ve eş zamanlı kemoterapi yüksek patolojik tam yanıt oranları ve anlamlı sağkalım avantajı ile standart tedavi haline gelmiştir. Metastatik hastalıkta, antikor-ilaç konjugatları (trastuzumab deruxtecan) ve tirozin kinaz inhibitörleri (tucatinib), ilk basamak ikili anti HER-2 blokajından sonra sağkalımı önemli ölçüde uzatmıştır. Üçlü negatif meme kanseri hala en kötü prognoza sahip meme kanseri alt tipi olmasına rağmen, hem erken hem de metastatik evrelerde kemoterapiye immünoterapinin eklenmesi sağkalım oranlarını önemli ölçüde iyileştirmiştir. PARP inhibitörleri, germline BRCA mutasyonu olan yüksek riskli erken evre meme kanseri hastalarında adjuvan ortama ve metastatik üçlü negatif veya hormon reseptörü pozitif tümörleri olan hastaların tedavi algoritmasına dahil edilmiştir. Bu gelişmeler, metastatik meme kanserli hastaların sağkalım süresini uzatmış ve erken evre hastalarda uzak metastaz riskini azaltarak tedavi şansını artırmıştır. Tümör biyolojisinin ayrıntıları keşfedildikçe, meme kanserinin her üç alt tipinin de kendi içinde farklı alt kümeler içerdiği anlaşılmakta ve klinik çalışmalarda yeni ilaçlar test edilmeye devam etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Meme kanseri; sistemik tedavi
ABSTRACT
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women in Turkey. Twenty years ago, it was realized that breast cancer has different subtypes and these subtypes have different prognoses. Today, breast cancer treatment is shaped not only according to stage but also according to the subtype of the tumor (hormone receptor positive, triple negative or Her-2 positive). In the early stage, the aim is to achieve cure and in the metastatic stage to prolong survival while preserving quality of life. In addition to the endocrine therapy that has been used for a long time in hormone receptor positive early stage disease, new targeted agents have been developed to increase survival in high-risk groups. In hormone receptor positive metastatic tumors, endocrine therapy alone has been replaced by endocrine therapy in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors after 2015. In patients with early-stage high-risk breast cancer, abemaciclib, one of the CDK4/6 inhibitors, provided significant disease-free survival advantage as adjuvant treatment. In metastatic disease, not only CDK 4/6 inhibitors but also PIK3CA and mTOR pathway blocking agents, new selective estrogen receptor blockers (SERBs), antibody drugs conjugates (sacituzumab govitecan and trastuzumab deruxtecan) have taken their place in treatment algoryhthm as second and subsequent line therapies. In Her-2 positive breast cancer except for T1N0 tumors, neoadjuvant treatment with pertuzumab and trastuzumab with concurrent chemotherapy has become the standard treatment with high pathologic complete response rates and signifcant survival advantage. In metastatic disease, antibody-drug conjugates (trastuzumab deruxtecan) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (tucatinib) significantly prolonged survival after the first line of dual anti HER-2 blockade. Although triple-negative breast cancer is still the subtype of breast cancer with the worst prognosis, the addition of immunotherapy to chemotherapy in both early and metastatic stages has dramatically improved survival rates. PARP inhibitors have been included in the adjuvant setting in high-risk early-stage breast cancer patients with germline BRCA mutation and in the treatment algorithm of patients with metastatic triple negative or hormone receptor positive tumors. These advances have prolonged the survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer and increased the chances of cure by reducing the risk of distant metastasis in early-stage patients. As the details of tumor biology are discovered, it is understood that all three subtypes of breast cancer contain distinct subsets within themselves, and new drugs continue to be tested in clinical trials.

Keywords: Breast cancer; systemic therapy

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