Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

.: RESEARCH
Manisa Merkez İlçede Çalışan Aktarların Bireysel ve Mesleki Özellikleri Üzerine Bir Pilot Çalışma
A PILOT PROJECT ON HERBALISTS AND PROFESSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS IN MANİSA
Selim ALTANa
aTıbbi Etik AD, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, MANİSA
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2007;15(1):30-8
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
Amaç: Halk arasında aktar/aktarlık olarak bilinen meslek grubunun ve yaptıkları işin bilimsel me-totlarla irdelenip sorunların tespit edilmesi ve çözüm yollarının üretilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırmada Manisa merkez ilçe özelinde bu meslek grubu incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. 8 Aktar bu çalışmaya katılmıştır. 74 sorudan oluşan anket formu hazırlanıp dağıtılmıştır. Anketlerin değerlendirilmesinde gözlem metodu da uygulanmıştır. Zira katılımcıların bazı sorulara yasal ve başka korkularla doğru cevap vermedikleri; iş yerlerinde uygulanan gözlem sonucunda tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular: Anketin değerlendirilmesi sonucunda Manisa merkez ilçede aktar, poşetçi,lokman,tarım ürünleri gibi çeşitli isimler altında çalışan bu kişilerin çoğunun Manisa doğumlu ve orta yaş grubunda olduğu, tamamının erkek olduğu, öğrenim durumlarının ilköğretimden yükseköğretime çeşitlilik gösterdiği, hemen tamamının bu alanda bir eğitim veya sertifikaya sahip olmadıkları ve işi kendi kendine öğrenmeye çalıştıkları, çoğunun başka işi olmadığı için bu işi yaptıkları ailelerini bu işten elde ettikleri gelirle geçindirdikleri,hastalarının çoğunun özellikle kronik bir hastalığı olan bayanlar olduğu ve bunların tek tek ya da karışım bitki talep ettikleri, sağlık alanında çalışanların yanında çeşitli meslek ve tahsil düzeyinde hasta-müşterilerinin olduğu, bir kısmının hasta tedavi etmediklerini ifade etmelerine rağmen tamamının hastalara tedavi maksadıyla hiçbir bilimsel bilgi temeline ve gerekli formasyona dayanmaksızın, hijyenik kuralların dikkate alınmadan ambalajlandığı ve depolandığı bitkisel, hayvansal ve mineral kökenli terkipler hazırlayıp verdikleri tavsiye ettikleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada bu kişilerin kendilerini Tıbbın alternatifi olarak tanımlamadıkları, sadece bazı hastalıkları geleneksel-folklorik hekimlik yöntemleriyle tedavi etmeye çalıştıklarını; hekimlerin hastalara karşı kötü davranmaları, ilaçların pahalı, yan etkilerinin fazla oluşu ve kimi zaman tedavi edici etkilerinin olmamaları ve hastanede karşılaştıkları olumsuz muamele ve bazı hastalıkların tedavisinin hekimlerce yapılamamasından dolayı hastaların kendilerini çare olarak görüp müracaat ettiklerini ifade etmektedirler. Sonuç: Yasal olarak ülkemizde hasta tedavi etme hakkı hekimlere verilmiştir. Bununla birlikte hekimler bu haklarını kullanırken yani hastalıkların teşhis ve tedavisi sürecinde, bilimdeki ve teknolojideki gelişmeler sonucunda elde edilen bilgiye dayanmak zorundadırlar. Günümüzde tıp biliminin ulaştığı gelişmişlik düzeyi itibariyle pek çok hastalığın tedavisinin henüz hekimler tarafından tam anlamıyla başarılamadığı da bir gerçektir. İnsan sağlığı konusunda dünya çapında kurumlar tarafından yapılan araştırma-geliştirme çalışmalarının sürekliliği ve ciddiliği, ne yazık ki hastaların çaresizlik duygusu, ölüm korkusu, sakatlık paniği vb. etkenlerle arayışa girmesinin ve bilim dışı yöntemlere ilgi duymasının önüne geçememektedir. Bu durum, hekimlik dışındaki mesleklere mensup kişilerin, problemin barındırdığı ciddi ticari boyutu dikkate alarak problemin çözümünde yer almak istemeleri gibi bir sonuca yol açmaktadır. Aktarlar, eczacı kalfaları, güzellik ve fitness merkezleri ve çalışanları, doğal-ekoloik-organik ürün ve gıda katkısı satıcıları ve hatta eczacıların bu maksatla zaman zaman hekim yerine hekimlik hakkını kullanmak istedikleri gözlenmektedir. Bu tip meslek ve uygulayıcıları arasında aktarlar konu ile ilgili eğitim ve formasyona sahip olmamaları, tarihsel olarak sağlık folklorumuzun bir parçası olmalarından kaynaklanan toplumsal bir role sahip olmaları ve bu rolleri dikkate alınarak halk arasında hastalıklar konusunda tecrübeli oldukları varsayılarak son çare olarak görülmeleri ve nispeten sempati ile algılanmalarından dolayı halk sağlığına yönelik tehditler sıralamasında diğerlerine nazaran en önemli noktada görülmek durumundadırlar. Bu tehdidin bertaraf edilmesi için, yasal tedbirlerin bir an önce alınması ve uygulanması, halkın bu konularda gerek sağlık çalışanları tarafından ve gerekse medya aracılığı ile eğitilmesi, hasta hekim ilişkisinin hekimler tarafından mevcut soğuk ve mekanik yapısından kurtarılıp hasta-insanı esas alan bir anlayışla yönetilmesi ve böylece güven unsurunun bu ilişkideki hayati önemi öne çıkarılarak halkın (hastanın)bilim dışı unsurlara yönelmesi engellenmelidir. Bunun yanında ülkemizin her noktasında görev yapacak olan geleceğin hekimlerinin, fitoterapi ve halk hekimliği uygulamaları gibi konularda çeşitli kurslar ve seminerlerle bilgilendirilmelerinin, güven unsurunun beslenmesi açısından uygun olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Aktar, Manisa, alternatif tıp, fitoterapi, halk hekimliği
ABSTRACT
Objective: The purpose of the work is to determine the problems of the business group of herbalists by using scientific methods and to find solutions for these problems. Material and Methods: The investigation of this business group was begun in the center of Manisa. 8 herbalist attented to that work. A survey consisting of 74 questions was prepared and given to these herbalists. In the evaluation of these survey, observation method was applied because some of the herbalists didn't answer truthfully to some questions by the reason of legal and other fears. So observation method was used in stores to find some answers. Results: As the result of the survey, it was found that the herbalists working in the center of Manisa used different business names, most of them were born in Manisa, belonging to the middle age group. All of them were men and did not have any certificate and didn't take any training in relation with their business group. Their education level differed from primary school to the university and they learned this business by themselves. Most of them didn't have another job and they lived on this job. Majority of their patients were women having chronic diseases, they demanded single plant or composition of plants. The education level of the patients differed and the patients had different jobs, some of them worked in health sector also. Some of the herbalists said that they didn'y cure sick people but all of them gave these plants in order to cure patients. The herbalists prepared, packed and stored the herbal, animal and mineral compositions without any scientific information, without any hygienic precaution. They recommended these compositions to the patients without any scientific base. In this work, the herbalists didn't define themselves as alternatives to the medical science, they said that they tried to cure some diseases according to the traditional folkloric medical methods. The patients came to them because the doctors behaved them worse, the drugs were expensive, side effects of the drugs were high, sometimes curing effect of the drugs were low, they faced to negative behaviours in hospitals and treating of some diseases were impossible by doctors, so the patients accepted them as remedies. Conclusion: The right of curing patients belong to the doctors in our country. The doctors must use their rights by taking the knowledge resulted from technological and scientific developments. Most of the diseases can not be cured completely by the doctors although medical science reached to todays' level. The continuity and earnestness of research and development works by the institutions worldwide over human health can not prevent to have desperation feeling, death fear, panic of beeing disabled for the patients. Because of these feelings, patients tend to find other solutions, are interested in non-scientific methods. This situation causes other business groups to take place in the solution of these problems because of the big commercial profits. Herbalists, pharmacist assistants, fitness centers, beauty institutions, natural-ecological-organic food sellers and even pharmacists want to behave as a doctor sometimes. The most dangerous ones among these are the herbalists because they don't have any education about medical science and the people accept them as experts to cure the diseases because of their historical role in our medical folklore. People have sympathy for the herbalists and accept them as a last remedy fo the curing. In our to prevent this danger, legal precautions must be taken immediately. People must be educated by medical staff and media. The relationships between the patient and the doctor must be developed and managed by giving priority to the humanity factor. Trust factor must be revealed and and precautions must be taken to prevent the leading of people to the non-scientific solutions. Besides these, medical students of our country must also be trained in the fields of phytoteraphy and public health by means of various seminars, courses in order to increase trust factor.

Keywords: Herbalist, Manisa, alternative medicine, phytotherapy, folk medicine

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login



Contact


Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com