Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nephrology

.: REVIEW
Kontrast Madde Nefrotoksisitesinin Önlenmesi
Prevention of Contrast Media Nephrotoxicity
Mehmet BATMAZOĞLUa, Belda DURSUNa
aNefroloji BD, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, DENİZLİ
Turkiye Klinikleri J Nephrol. 2008;3(1):13-21
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
Kontrast madde nefrotoksisitesi (KMN), böbrek hastalığı bulunanlarda sık karşılaşılan bir problemdir. Tüm popülasyondaki KMN insidansı %1-%6'dır. Bununla birlikte, bazı hastalık gruplarında risk %50 ve üzerine çıkmaktadır. Diyabetik hastalar ile öncesinde renal hastalığı bulunanlarda risk yüksektir, bu durum yüksek morbidite ve mortalite ile yakından ilişkilidir. Kontrast nedenli nefropati genellikle bazal serum kreatinin düzeyinin %25 ve üzerinde yükselmesi olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu hastalığın temel patofizyolojik mekanizmaları halen tam olarak bilinmemektedir, renal hemodinamik bozukluklara ve kontrast maddenin renal tübüllere olan direkt etkisine bağlı hasar geliştiği düşünülmektedir. Kontrast madde (KM) injeksiyonunun risk oluşturacağı hastalarda ya non-iyonik izo-ozmolar dimerik veya non-iyonik düşük ozmolar monomerik KM düşük dozlarda kullanılmalı ve beraberinde hidrasyon sağlanmalıdır. KMN'ni etkin şekilde önleyebilmek için %0.9 salin, KM enjeksiyonundan 4 saat önce (1 ml/kg/saat) başlanmalı ve en az 12 saat boyunca sürekli şekilde intravenöz infüzyon uygulanmalıdır. Profilaktik hemodiyaliz bu komplikasyonu azaltmamaktadır. Renal vazodilatatörler ile farmakolojik tedavi (kalsiyum kanal blokerleri, dopamin, atriyal natriüretik peptid, fenoldopam (selektif dopamin-1 reseptör agonist), prostaglandin E1, non-selektif adenozin reseptör antagonist teofilin, non-selektif adenozin reseptör antagonistlerinin koruyuculuğu yetersizdir. Antioksidan N-asetilsistein genellikle, kolay temin edilebilmesi, pahalı olmaması, kullanım kolaylığı ve yan etkilerinin oldukça sınırlı olması nedeniyle avantajlı kabul edilebilir. Bunun yanısıra kontrast madde enjeksiyonundan birkaç saat önce ve sonra hemofiltrasyon uygulanması renal hastalığın KMN'e ilerlemesine karşı iyi koruma sağlayabilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kontrast madde; akut böbrek yetmezliği
ABSTRACT
Contrast media nephrotoxicity (CMN) remains a significant problem in patients with pre-existing renal impairment. In general population, the incidence of CMN is 1% to 6%. However, the risk may be as high as 50% in some patient subgroups. Patients with diabetes and pre-existing renal impairment are at high risk, because this adverse event is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Contrast-induced nephropathy is usually defined as an increase of 25% in the serum creatinine level relative to baseline. Pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying this disorder are not fully understood, but it is currently believed that disturbances in renal hemodynamics and a direct effect of CM on renal tubules are involved. Patients at risk requiring injection of contrast medium (CM) should receive a small dose of either non-ionic iso-osmolar dimeric or non-ionic low osmolar monomeric CM and hydration. Intravenous infusion (1 ml/kg/hr) of 0.9% saline starting 4 hr before CM injection and continuing for at least 12 hr afterwards is effective in reducing the incidence of CMN. Prophylactic haemodialysis does not lower the risk. The value of pharmacological manipulation with renal vasodilators (calcium channel blockers, dopamine, atrial natriuretic peptide, fenoldopam (selective dopamine-1 receptor agonist), prostaglandin E1, non-selective adenosine receptors antagonist theophylline, non-selective endothelin receptor antagonist has not been fully proven. Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine has the advantages of being generally available, inexpensive, easy to administer and limited side effects. On the other hand, haemofiltration for several hours before and after contrast medium injection offers good protection against CMN in patients with advanced renal disease.

Keywords: Contrast media; renal insufficiency, acute

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