Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Internal Medical Sciences

Pnömoniler Özel Sayısı
KOAH ve Pnömoni
COPD AND PNEUMONIA
Mehmet POLATLIa
aGöğüs Hastalıkları AD, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, AYDIN
Turkiye Klinikleri J Int Med Sci. 2005;1(46):47-52
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı (KOAH) bütün dünyada önemli bir morbidite ve mortalite nedenidir. Tütün kullanımının zararları toplumda bilinmesine rağmen, tütün tüketimi ve KOAH'a bağlı mortalite giderek artmaktadır. Alevlenmeler KOAH'a bağlı en önemli hastaneye yatış nedenidir ve sık alevlenmeler hastanın yaşam kalitesinin daha da bozulmasına yol açmaktadır. KOAH'lı hastaların alt havayollarından en sık izole edilen mikroorganizmalar olan S. pneumoniae ve H. influenzae'nın KOAH'lı hastalarda gelişen pnömonilerde de öncelikle düşünülmeleri gerekir. Ancak, ciddi havayolu obstrüksiyonu, hipoksemisi, malnütrisyonu, sık hospitalizasyon öyküsü olan ağır KOAH'lı olgularda Gram (-) basiller artan sıklıkta izole edilmektedir. KOAH hastalarında, toplum kökenli pnömoninin (TKP) neden olduğu KOAH akut alevlenmesi (KOAHAA) oluştuğunda, TKP ve KOAHAA tanıları bir araya gelmektedir ve bu hastalardaki klinik ve laboratuar parametrelerde daha ciddi bozukluklar oluşmaktadır. Bu durumda, hastanın pnömoninin eşlik ettiği bir atak yaşadığını belirtmek ve bu iki olayı düşünerek tedaviyi belirlemek en uygun davranıştır. İnfluenza aşılarının genel olarak KOAH'da ağır hastalık durumu ve mortaliteyi %50 dolayında azaltması nedeniyle, KOAH'lı hastalara her yıl uygulanması önerilmektedir. Ancak, pnömokok aşıları ile yapılmış çalışmalarda, seçilmiş olgular dışında rutin olarak uygulanmasını destekleyen yeterli veri yoktur. Tütün kullanımı hem KOAH gelişiminde hem de konak savunma mekanizmalarını bozarak pnömoni gelişiminde önemli bir risk faktörüdür. Bu nedenle, hasta eğitimi özel bir öneme sahiptir ve ihmal edilmemelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: KOAH, KOAH alevlenmesi, alt havayolu kolonizasyonu, pnömoni, sigara, influenza aşısı, pnömokok aşısı
ABSTRACT
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite public awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco smoking, smoking prevalence and mortality from COPD continues to increase. Exacerbations are the main cause of hospitalizations and more frequent exacerbations leads to be worse quality of life (QOL). S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae predominantly isolated organisms from lower airways of COPD patients, are also expected the most isolated microorganisms as a cause of pneumonia in COPD patients. In infective exacerbations of patients with severe disease, as reflected by low levels of FEV1, deeper hypoxemia, malnutrition, and more frequent hospitalizations, Gram negative bacteria are isolated more frequently than other organisms and should be taken into account. The two diagnosis i.e. community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and COPD acute exacerbation (AECOPD), come together when COPD patients acquire AECOPD caused by CAP. Pneumonia is generally manifested by more severe clinical and laboratory parameters among patients hospitalized for an acute exacerbation of COPD, and it is appropriate to note that the patient has a pneumonic exacerbation, thereby strengthening the therapeutic significance of this combination of events. Influenza vaccines can reduce serious illness and death in COPD patients by about 50% and are recommended in patients with COPD. A pneumococcal vaccine has been used, but sufficient data to support its general use in COPD patients are lacking. Tobacco smoking is the most important risk factor for the development of COPD, but also a well-known and important risk factor for pneumonia through alterations in mechanisms of the host defense system. For this reason, patients' education has a special importance and should not be neglected.

Keywords: COPD, COPD exacerbation, lower airway colonization, pneumonia, tobacco, influenza vaccination, pneumococcal vaccine

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