Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Infrared Imaging As A Complementary Aid in Estimating Muzzle-to-Target Shooting Distance: An Application on Dark, Patterned and Bloody Sample
Namlu-Hedef Arası Atış Mesafesi Tahmininde Tamamlayıcı Yardımcı Yöntem Olarak Kızılötesi Görüntüleme: Koyu, Desenli ve Kanlı Örnekler Üzerinde Bir Uygulama
Bayram YÜKSELa,b, Mandy HOa, Oriana OVIDEa, Courtney Vander PYLa, Tatiana TREJOSa
aDepartment of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
bGiresun University Espiye Vocational School, Giresun, TURKEY
Turkiye Klinikleri J Foren Sci Leg Med. 2019;16(2):73-80
doi: 10.5336/forensic.2019-64837
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Objective: The aim of this work was to assess the utility of the infrared camera as an effective tool for observing physical features like soot and gunshoot residues around the entrance hole, to aid estimation of the shooting distances on bloody, dark and patterned samples. Material and Methods: In this study, white control samples, as well as colored and patterned fabrics were fired from several distances (contact, 6 inches, 12 inches, 24 inches, and 36 inches). All shootings were performed with three replicates. Post-shooting infrared images were taken by use of Crime-lite 82S infrared, before and after application of blood on the samples. Human whole blood was sprayed onto the clothing by means of an aerosol spray bottle in two stages, and was partially dried before capturing the image with the infrared camera. Results: Using visual examination, it was not possible to detect any soot distribution on patterned fabrics, and the intensity of soot decreased and began to fade at 10 inches for other colored fabrics. The addition of blood to clothing masked the observation of iner soot and decreased the accuracy of the measurements. However, the soot was still visible when using an infrared camera on bloody samples, navy and black unknowns (10 inches) and patterned samples (contact and 6 inches), indicating the utility of an infrared camera on dirty and darker fabrics. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that, similar to Modified Griess Test and Sodium Rhodizonate Test, soot alone is not the most accurate or reliable parameter for predicting true muzzle-to-target distance. However, an infrared camera enhanced the observation of presence of gunshoot residues not easily visible to the naked eye on dark, patterned and bloody samples. Thus, the proposed application of infrared imaging can easily be utilized as a complementary approach in the prediction of muzzle-to-target firing distance on dark, patterned and bloody fabrics.

Keywords: Gunshot residues; infrared imaging; shooting distance determination
ÖZET
 Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, kızılötesi kameranın, giriş deliği etrafındaki is ve ateşli silah kalıntıları gibi fiziksel özellikleri gözlemlemek için etkili bir araç olarak kullanımını değerlendirerek; kanlı, koyu renkli ve desenli örnekler üzerinde atış mesafelerinin tahmin edilmesini sağlamaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada, beyaz kontrol örneklerinin yanı sıra renkli ve desenli kumaşlara da farklı mesafelerden (bitişik, 6 inç, 12 inç, 24 inç ve 36 inç) ateş edilmiştir. Her atış üç tekrarla yapılmıştır. Atış sonrası kızılötesi görüntüleri, numunelere kan uygulanmasından önce ve sonra Crime-lite 82S kızılötesi kullanılarak alınmıştır. İnsan tam kanı, giysilere iki aşamada bir aerosol sprey şişesi vasıtasıyla püskürtülmüştür. Görüntü kızılötesi kamerası ile çekilmeden önce kıyafetler kısmen kurutulmuştur. Bulgular: Görsel inceleme ile desenli kumaşlarda is dağılımı tespit edilememiştir. Diğer renkli kumaşlarda ise is yoğunluğu azalarak 10 inç'ten sonra solmaya başlamıştır. Bununla birlikte, lacivert ve siyah bilinmeyenler (10 inç) ve desenli numuneler (bitişik ve 6 inç) üzerinde kızılötesi kamera kullanıldığında is gözlenebilmektedir. Bu sonuç kızılötesi kameranın koyu renkli kumaşlar üzerindeki kullanışlılığına işaret etmektedir. Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, is dağılımının Modifiye Griess Testi ve Sodium Rodizonat Testine benzer şekilde tek başına gerçek namlu-hedef mesafesini tahmin etmek için en doğru veya güvenilir parametre olmadığını göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, kızılötesi kamera, koyu, desenli ve kanlı numunelerdeki çıplak gözle kolayca görülemeyen ateşli silah kalıntıları varlığının gözlemini kolaylaştırmıştır. Bu nedenle, önerilen kızıl ötesi görüntüleme uygulaması; koyu renkli, desenli ve kanlı kumaşlarda namludan hedefe atış mesafesinin tahmininde tamamlayıcı bir yaklaşım olarak kullanılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Ateşli silah kalıntıları; kızılötesi görüntüleme; atış mesafesi belirlemesi
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