Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Pediatrics

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Hipoksik İskemik Ensefalopatili Yenidoğanların Klinik, Nörofizyolojik ve Nörogörüntüleme Sonuçlarının Değerlendirilmesi
Clinical, Neurophysiological and Neuroimaging Evaluation of Infants with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Münevver KAYNAK TÜRKMENa,b, Ayşe TOSUNa,c, Yelda ÖZSUNARd, Ayvaz AYDOĞDUa,e, Celil YILMAZa, Bilin ÇETİNKAYA ÇAKMAKa,b
aÇocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları AD,
bNeonatoloji BD,
cNöroloji BD,
dRadyoloji AD,
eKardiyoloji BD, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Aydın
Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr. 2009;18(4):264-71
Article Language: TR
Full Text
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Amaç: Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Yenidoğan Yoğun Bakım Ünitesi (YYBÜ)'nde izlenen hipoksik iskemik ensefalopati (HİE) tanılı olguları değerlendirerek ülkemiz verilerine katkıda bulunmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Aralık 1999-Kasım 2007 tarihleri arasında YYBÜ'de izlenen HİE tanılı 57 olgu, demografik özellikleri, etiyoloji, klinik ve görüntüleme bulguları açısından retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Olguların, ortalama doğum ağırlıkları 3153 ± 557 g, %82'si term, %61'i erkek ve %65'i hastanemizde doğmuştu. Annelerin %71'i okur-yazar, %91'i evhanımı ve %98'i bir sağlık kuruluşunda takipli gebeydi. Bebeklerin %79'u vajinal yolla doğmuştu ve %33'üne doğumda canlandırma uygulanmıştı. HİE etiyolojisinde %86 intra-peripartum, %26 anneye ait, %21 doğuma ait nedenler saptandı. HİE evreleme sistemine (Sarnat&Sarnat sınıflaması) göre 4 (%7) olgu Evre 1, 48 (%84) olgu Evre 2, 5 (%9) olgu Evre 3'tü. Nörogörüntüleme sonuçları; kraniyal ultrasonografilerin %12'si, bilgisayarlı beyin tomografilerin %85'i ve manyetik rezonans görüntülemelerin %83'ü anormaldi. Yüzde 79 olguda anormal elektroensefalografi bulguları vardı. Böbrekler, hipoksi-asfiksiden en çok hasarlanan organlardı (%40.4). Olguların %93'ü taburcu edilirken, %7'si kaybedildi. Sonuç: HİE sıklığı hastanemizde doğanlarda %1.5, YYBÜ'de izlenen olgular içinde %3.5 idi. YYBÜ'de izlenen HİE'li olgular içinde mortalite oranı %7 idi. Bu oranlar, ülkemizde bildirilen HİE oranlarına (%1-2.6) benzer, mortalite oranlarına (%24-30) göre düşüktür. HİE etiyolojisinde intrapartum-peripartum gibi önlenebilir nedenlerin ilk sırada (%86) yer alması prenatal takiplerin yeterli olmadığını göstermektedir. Bu nedenle HİE sıklığı ve neonatal mortaliteyi azaltmak için, anne eğitim seviyesini artırmaya çalışmalı, yüksek riskli gebeliklerin doğum öncesi tanısı ve izleminin niteliği artırılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Hipoksik iskemik ensefalopati; elektroensefalografi; tanısal görüntüleme
ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the patients with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy who were followed up in Adnan Menderes University Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and to contribute to the country data available. Material and Methods: Fifty-seven cases that were diagnosed as having hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) between December 1999 and November 2007 in our NICU were evaluated retrospectively based on demographic, etiological, clinical and neuroradiological findings. Results: The mean birth-weight of the patients was 3153 ± 557 g. Eighty-two percent of cases were term infants, 61% were male, and 65% were delivered at our hospital. Seventy-nine percent of the babies were born vaginally, and 33% were resuscitated in the delivery room. Seventy-one percent of the mothers were literate, 91% were housewives, and 98% were monitored at a health institution. The etiologic factors for HIE were grouped as 86% intra-peripartum, 26% maternal and 21% obstetrical causes. According to the HIE staging system (Sarnat&Sarnat classification), 7% of the cases were classified as stage 1, 84% as stage 2, and 9% as stage 3. In neuroimaging analysis, abnormalities were detected in 12% of the cases on cranial ultrasonography, 85% on computerized tomography and 83% on magnetic resonance imaging. Electroencephalography was abnormal in 79% of cases. The kidneys were the mostly affected organs from hypoxia-ischemia (40.4%). Seventy-three percent of the patients were discharged from the hospital, while 7% died. Conclusion: The incidence of HIE was 1.5% in those delivered in our hospital, and 3.5% in those in the NICU. The mortality rate of HIE was 7% in our NICU. These rates are similar to those reported (1-2.6%) for HIE and lower than those for mortality (24-30%) in our country. The fact that the most common preventable causes of etiology in HIE were found as intra-peripartum factors (86%) revealed that prenatal monitoring was not sufficient. In order to decrease the incidence of HIE and improve neonatal mortality, education level of the mothers should be elevated, as well as the prenatal identification of high-risk pregnancies, and quality of prenatal monitoring should be improved.

Keywords: Hypoxia-ischemia, brain; electroencephalography; diagnostic imaging

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