Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Hentbolda 2D-4D Parmak Oranı ile Sürat ve Linear Yön Değiştirme ve VO2maks Performansları Arasındaki İlişki
The Relationship Between 2D-4D Finger Ratio and Speed, Linear Change of Direction and VO2max Performances in Handball
Nebahat ELERa, Hikmet VURGUNb, Serdar ELERc
aBülent Ecevit Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu, Zonguldak, TÜRKİYE
bCelal Bayar Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Manisa, TÜRKİYE
cGazi Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Sports Sci. 2020;12(2):115-9
doi: 10.5336/sportsci.2019-72371
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Amaç: İkinci parmağın (işaret), 4. parmağa (yüzük) oranı (2D:4D) prenatal testosteronun bir göstergesidir. 2D:4D oranının spor performansı ile ilişkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kadın hentbolcularda 2D:4D ile sürat, linear yön değiştirme (COD) ve VO2maks arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırmaya Xyaş= 21,77 ± 3,38 yıl, Xboy= 172,05 ± 5,26 cm, Xvücut ağırlığı= 67,22 ± 6,48 kg olan 36 kadın hentbolcu katılmıştır. Sporcuların boy uzunlukları ve vücut ağırlıkları alınarak, beden kitle indeksi (BKİ) hesaplanmış, vücut yağ yüzdesi ile sağ-sol el 2D- 4D parmak ölçümleri yapılmış, 10 m, 20 m, 30 m, linear yön değiştirme ve 20 m mekik testi uygulanmıştır. Sporcuların vücut yağ oranı Tanita marka (BC-418) vücut analiz cihazı ile linear yön değiştirme (change of direction and acceleration test-COD), 10 m, 20 m, 30 m sürat değerleri Fusion Sport marka cihazla değerlendirilmiştir. Sporcuların iki elinin fotokopisi çekildikten sonra, elin palmar yüzünde 2. parmak (işaret parmağı) ve 4. Parmak (yüzük parmağı) proksimal kısmındaki bazal çizgi ile pulpa arası bölge, 0,05 mm'ye kadar ölçüm yapabilen vermiyeli kompas kullanılarak parmak uzunlukları tespit edilmiş ve oranın belirlenmesi için ikinci parmak uzunluğu dördüncü parmak uzunluğuna bölünmüştür. Verilerin analizinde değişkenlerin korelasyon katsayıları ve istatistiksel anlamlılıkları Pearson Korelasyon testi ile hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 20 programında kaydedilmiş ve p<0,01, p<0,05 düzeyindeki veriler istatistiki olarak anlamlı kabul edilmiştir. Bulgular: Analiz sonuçlarına göre, sporcuların 2D:4D ile VO2maks arasında negatif yönde yüksek derecede korelasyon tespit edilmiştir (r=-0,880, p<0,01). Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, yapılan bu çalışmada kadın hentbolcularda prenatal testosteronun bir göstergesi olan 2D:4D'nin VO2maks ile oldukça güçlü bir ilişkisi olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: 2D:4D; sürat; COD; VO2maks
ABSTRACT
 Objective: The ratio of the index finger to the ring finger (2D:4D) is an indication of prenatal testosterone. It is known that the 2D:4D ratio is related to sports performance. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between 2D:4D and speed and endurance in female handball players. Material and Methods: A total of 36 female handball players with Xage=21.77±3.38 years, Xheight= 172.05±5.26 cm, Xbodyweight=67.22±6.48 kg. participated in the study. The body height and body weight of the athletes were measured, Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated, their body fat percentage and right-left hand 2D-4D measurements were taken and 10 m., 20 m., 30 m., linear change of direction and 20 m. shuttle tests were given to the athletes. Body fat ratio of athletes was changed with Tanita brand (BC-418) body analyzer and linear change of direction (acceleration test-COD), 10 m, 20 m, 30 m speed values were evaluated with Fusion Sport brand device. After photocopies of both hands of the athletes were made, inger lengths were determined on the palmar face of the hand, using the verbal line on the proximal part between the 2nd finger (index finger) and the 4th finger (ring finger), which could measure up to 0.05 mm The second finger length is divided by the fourth finger length to determine the ratio. In the analysis of the data, the correlation coefficients and statistical significance of the variables were calculated by Pearson Correlation test. In the analysis of the data, the coefficients of the variables and their statistical significance were calculated using the Pearson coefficient test. The obtained data were recorded in the SPSS 20 software and the data at the p<0.01, p<0.05 level were accepted as statistically significant. Results: According to the results of the analysis, a negative and high correlation was determined between the athletes' 2D:4D and their VO2max (r=-0.880, p<0.01). Conclusion: As a result, in this study, 2D: 4D, which is an indicator of prenatal testosterone, has a strong relationship with VO2max in female handball players.

Keywords: 2D:4D; speed; COD; VO2max
REFERENCES:
  1. Marques MC, Saavedra FJ, Abrantes C, Aidar FJ. Associations between rate of force devel- opment metrics and throwing velocity in elite team handball players: a short research re- port, J Human Kinet. 2011;29A: 53-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  2. Marques MC, van den Tillaar R, Gabbett TJ, Reis VM, González-Badillo JJ. Physical fitness qualities of professional volleyball players: de- termination of positional differences. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(4):1106-11. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  3. Buchheit M, Lepretre PM, Behaegel AL, Mil- let GP, Cuvelier G, Ahmaidi S. Cardiorespira- tory responses during running and sport-specific exercises in handball players. J Sci Medicine in Sport. 2009;12(3):399-405. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  4. Michalsik LB, Aagaard P, Madsen K. Loco- motion characteristics and match-induced im- pairments in physical performance in male elite team handball players. Int J Sports Med. 2013;34(7):590-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  5. Michalsik LB, Aagaard P. Physical demands in elite team handball: comparisons between male and female players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness.2015;55(9):878-91. [PubMed] 
  6. Póvoas SCA, Ascensão AAMR, Magalhães J, Seabra AF, Krustrup P, Soares JMC, et al. Physiological demands of elite team handball with special reference to playing position. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(2):430-42. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  7. Manning JT., Scutt D, Wilson J, Lewis-Jones DI. The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a pre- dictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oe- strogen. Hum Report. 1998;13(11):3000-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  8. Galis F, Ten Broek CMAT, Van Dongen S, Wi- jnaendts LCD. Sexual dimorphism in the pre- natal digit ratio (2D:4D). Arch Sex Behav. 2010;39(1):57-62. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  9. Çelik A, Aksu F, Tunar M, Daşdan Ada EN, Topaçoğlu H. [The relationship between physical performance levels and the digit ratio of master athletes.] DEü Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2010;24(1):5-10.
  10. van Honka J, Schutter DJ, Bos PA, Kruijt AW, Lentjes EG, Baron-Cohen S. Testosterone ad- ministration impairs cognitive empathy in women depending on second-to-fourth digit ratio. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(8): 3448-52. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  11. Coates JM, Gurnell M, Rustichini A. Second- to-fourth digit ratio predicts success among high-frequency financial traders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(2):623-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  12. Hönekopp J, Watson S. Meta-analysis of the relationship between digit-ratio 2D:4D and ag- gression. Personality and Individual Differ- ences. 2011;51(4):381-6. [Crossref] 
  13. Manning JT, Morris L, Caswell N. Endurance running and digit ratio (2D:4D): Implications for fetal testosterone effects on running speed and vascular health. Am J Hum Biol. 2007;19(3);416-21. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  14. Hönekopp J, Schuster M. A meta-analysis on 2D:4D and athletic prowess: substantial rela- tionships but neither hand out-predicts the other. Personality and Individual Differences. 2010;48(1):4-10. [Crossref] 
  15. Acar H, Eler N. The relationship of digit ratio (2d:4d) with cerebral lateralization and grip strength in elite swimmers. Journal of Educa- tion and Training Studies. 2018;6(4):84-89. [Crossref] 
  16. Peeters MW, Van Aken K, Claessens AL. The left hand second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is not related to any physical fitness compo- nent in adolescent girls. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59766. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  17. Voracek M, Reimer B, Dressler SG. Digit ratio (2D:4D) predicts sporting success among fe- male fencers independent from physical, ex- perience, and personality factors. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010;20(6):853-60. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Fink B, Thanzami V, Seydel H, Manning JT (2006) Digit ratio and hand-grip strength in German and Mizos men: cross-cultural evi- dence for an organizing effect of prenatal testosterone on strength. Am J Hum Biol. 18(6):776-82. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Hönekopp J, Manning JT, Muller C. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and physical fitness in males and fe- males: Evidence for effects of prenatal andro- gens on sexually selected traits. Horm. Behav. 2006;49(4):545-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Eler N, Eler S. 2D: 4D, Lateralization and Strength in Handball Players. Journal of Edu cation and Training Studies, 2018;6(5):170-8. [Crossref] 
  21. Tlauka M, Williams J, Williamson P. Spatial ability in secondary school children: intra-sex differences based on self-selection for physi- cal education. Br J Psychol. 2008;99(3):427- 40. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  22. Latourelle SM, Elwess NL, Elwess JM. Finger forecasting: a pointer to athletic prowess in women a preliminary investigation by an un- dergraduate biology class. Am Biol Teach. 2008;70:411-4. [Crossref] 
  23. Manning JT, Taylor RP. Second to fourth digit ratio and male ability in sport: implications for sexual selection in humans. Evol Hum Behav. 2001;22(1):61-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  24. Manning JT, Hill MR. 2009. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and sprinting speed in boys. Am J Hum Biol. 2009;21(2):210-3. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  25. Gallup AC, White DD, Gallup GG. Handgrip strength predicts sexual behavior, body mor- phology, and aggression in male college stu- dents. Evolution and Human Behavior 2007;28:423-29 [Crossref] 
  26. Hill R, Simpson B, Millet G, Manning J, Kilduff L. Right-Left Digit Ratio (2d:4d) And Maximal Oxygen Uptake. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(2):129- 34. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  27. Fink, B., Neave, N., Manning, J.T. Second to fourth digit ratio, body mass index, waist-to- hip ratio, and waist-to-chest ratio: their re- lationships in heterosexual men and women. Annals of Human Biology. 2003;30(6):728-38. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  28. Ranson R, Strattonb G, Taylor SR. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and physical fitness (Eurofit test battery) in school children. Early Hum Dev. 2015;91(5):327-31. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  29. Lacour JR, Padilla-Magunacelaya S, Barthélémy JC, Dormois D. The energetics of middle-distance running. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1990;60(1):38-43. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  30. Pokrywka L, Rachoń D, Suchecka-Rachoń K, Bitel L. The second to fourth digit ratio in elite and non-elite female athletes. Am J Hum Biol. 2005;17(6):796-800. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com