Turkiye Klinikleri Immunology Allergy - Special Topics

Transplantasyon İmmünolojisi Özel Sayısı
.: REVIEW
Hematopoietik Kök Hücre Nakillerinde Uygun Verici Seçimi
Selection of Donors for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Meral BEKSAÇa, Pınar YURDAKULb
aHematoloji BD,
bKordon Kanı Bankası, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ankara
Turkiye Klinikleri J Immun Allergy-Special Topics. 2013;6(2):93-100
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Günümüzde kan ve bağışıklık sistemi hastalıklarının tedavisinde doku uyumu taşıyan kardeşlerden hematopoietik kök hücre nakli (HKHN) en başarılı ve yaşam kurtarıcı tedavi yöntemidir. HKHN açısından kemik iliği ve periferal kan ile birlikte, göbek kordon bağından toplanan kordon kanı da önemli bir kök hücre kaynağıdır. Farklı HKH kaynakları kullanımı farklı avantaj ve dezavantajlara sahip olmakla beraber, HKHN'nin öncelikli hedefleri, ''graft versus host'' hastalığı (GVHH) tetiklenmeksizin kalıcı engrafman sağlanması, etkin immün yapılanma ve nüksün engellenmesidir. HKHN sırasında kök hücrelerle birlikte verici immün sistem hücreleri de alıcıya aktarılmaktadır. Vericiye ait bu immün faktörler, angrafman kapasitesi, akut ''graft versus host hastalığı'' (GVHH) ve immün sistemin yeniden yapılanması sırasında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle akraba dışı HKHN başarısını etkileyen bu immün faktörlerin başında HLA doku uyumu derecesi gelmektedir. Verici seçiminde incelenen HLA lokusları HLA -A,-B ve 'C ile HLA -DRB'dir. Antijen veya alel düzeyindeki HLA -A,-B, -DRB1 ile antijen düzeyindeki HLA 'C uyumsuzluklarının, tam HLA uyumlu nakillere kıyasla daha fazla transplantasyonla ilişkili mortaliteye (TİM) ve akut GVHH'ye neden olduğu gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca, antijen düzeyindeki uyumsuzlukların, alel düzeyindeki uyumsuzluklardan daha güçlü bir faktör olduğu ve nakil öncesi alıcıda, vericiye özgü anti HLA antikor varlığının gösterilmesinin de nakil sonrası sağkalımda dezavantaj olduğu bilinmektedir. Kordon kanı transferi azınlıkların da dahil olduğu geniş bir hasta populasyonu için oldukça önemli alternatif bir HKH kaynağıdır. Bu kök hücre kaynağından nakiller giderek artan hızda uygulanmaktadır. Göbek kordon kanından elde edilen HKH'nin alıcı-verici arasında tam HLA uyumu gerektirmemesi ve dondurulmuş-saklanmış hazır bir HKH kaynağı olması olumlu özellikleridir. Kordon kanı nakillerinde en büyük dezavantaj ise, tek bir insan göbek kordonunda erişkin hastalara nakil için uluslararası standartlara uygun, kabul edilebilir düzeyde çekirdekli hücre/kg elde etme olanağının çok düşük olmasıdır. Akraba dışı nakillerde ve erişkin hastalarda daha yaygın kullanılmasını sağlamak amacıyla, çift kordon kanı nakli, ex vivo ekspansiyon ve engrafman arttırıcı yöntemler kullanılmaya başlanmış olup, farklı ve yeni uygulamalar da geliştirilmektedir. Bu derlemenin hedefi, HKH nakli için uygun verici seçiminde birincil seçim kriteri olan HLA uyumu konusuyla ilgili güncel verileri özetlemek, ve göbek kordon kanı nakilleriyle ilgili de kısa bilgi vermektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Hematopoietik kök hücre nakli; canlı vericiler
ABSTRACT
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from HLA identical siblings is the most successful and life saving therapeutic approach for patients with blood and immune system disorders. Bone marrow, peripheral blood and cord blood are the major sources of HSCT, cord blood being used increasingly in clinical practice. Although different stem cell sources may have various advantages and disadvantages, main goal of HSCT is to obtain sustained engrafment without inducing graft versus host disease (GVHD), preventing relaps and providing immune reconstitution. The main distinction between HSCT and other organ & tissue transplantations is the fact that donor immune system cells are transferred to host along with stem cells. These immune factors play significant roles in engrafment capacity, graft versus leukemia effect and immune reconstitution. For patients without an HLA matched sibling, HLA compatibility becomes the main prerequisite for finding an unrelated HSC donor. When compared to fully HLA matched donors, either antigenic or allelic level mismatches in HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 and antigen level HLA 'C mismatches have been shown to result in worse transplant outcomes with higher transplant related mortality (TRM) as well as acute GVHD. Mismatches at the allel level are less significant than antigenic mismatches and the presence of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies should also be avoided. Cord blood can be a life saver for patients who do not have a matched unrelated adult donor or for patients who are in need of an urgent transplantation. Ease of procurement and lack of donor attrution, with the ability to process and store the donor cells long term are main advantages of cord blood and importantly, cord blood donors can be used without the need for a ''perfect'' HLA match, thereby increasing donor access to HSCT, particularly for minority and mixed ethnicity patients. The important limitation of cord blood transplantation is the cell dose threshold required for acceptable clinical outcomes, and in moving from related to unrelated donor cord blood transplantation and from pediatric to adult patients. Double cord blood transplantation, ex vivo expansion strategies s as well as engrafment enhancing methods are being used to overcome the disadvantage of low cell doses. The aim of this particular review is to summarize the current knowledge for HLA related factors for donor selection and to provide a brief update for cord blood transplantation.

Keywords: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; living donors

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