Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences

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Genlerin Gizemli Dünyası: Fiziksel Performans ve Genetik Etkileşimler: Geleneksel Derleme
The Mysterious World of Genes: Physical Performance and Genetic Interactions: Traditional Review
Damla Selin YILDIRIMa, Mehmet Settar KOÇAKb, Mesut CERİTa
aLokman Hekim Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Antrenörlük Eğitimi Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye
bLokman Hekim Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Yöneticilik Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Sports Sci. 2022;14(3):357-62
doi: 10.5336/sportsci.2022-91973
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Genetikle ilgilenen araştırmacılar, kronik ve metabolik hastalıklara neden olan mutasyon noktaları ve kalıtımla aktarılan davranışlarla ilgili önemli bilgileri sağlayacak insan genomu detaylarını ortaya çıkarmayı başardılar. Araştırmacıların insan genom haritasının tanımlanması ile birlikte nükleotid dizilimlerinin bireyler arasında farklı oranlarda değişim gösterdiği ve bahse konu soyaçekimden kaynaklı değişimlerin metabolik ya da kronik hastalıkların oluşumunda rol oynayıp oynamadığını analiz etmelerini de oldukça kolaylaştıracaktır. Araştırmacılar, insan genom projesinin tamamlanmasından hemen önce yağ dokularından salınan yağ asidi bağlayıcı protein 4 (FABP4) ve insülin direncini etkileyen fabkin hormonunu keşfetmişlerdir. Fabkin hormon kompleksinin metabolizma üzerindeki etkileri genetik yöntemlerle veya ilaç kullanımıyla düşürüldüğünde hem Tip 1 hem de Tip 2 diyabetli farelerde hastalığın yok olabileceği, insan beta hücreleri üzerinde de gözlemlenen benzer değişimin diyabet için çok umut verici bir tedavi yöntemi olabileceği öngörülmektedir. Araştırmacılar FABP4 proteininin adipositlerde depolanan yağların açlığa tepki olarak parçalandığı esnada salgılandığını, kandaki FABP4 düzeylerinin de obezite, diyabet, kardiyovasküler hastalık ve kanser dâhil olmak üzere birçok hastalıkla ilişkisinin olduğunu tespit etmişlerdir. Spor bilimciler ve antrenörler uzun yıllar süren deneyimlerine ve gözlemlerine dayanarak fiziksel performans gelişiminde bireyler arasında dikkate değer farklılaşmalar olduğunu, egzersiz yüklenmelerinin kişiye özel davranış değişikliklerini tetikleyerek performans ve sağlıklı bir metabolizmanın gelişimine önemli katkılar sağladığını gözlemlemişlerdir. İnsan metabolizması birçok farklı sistemin ve bu sistemlerin işleyişindeki farklılıkların bileşiminden etkilenmektedir. Yakın zamanlarda yapılan araştırmalar neticesinde genetik dizilimlerdeki bireysel farklılıkların antrenman yüklenmelerine verilen yanıtları, ergojenik desteklerin etkinliğini, toparlanma hızını, kalori ihtiyacı ve sakatlanma riskini etkileyebildiğini, ayrıca söz konusu araştırmalardan elde edilen bulguların metabolik hastalıkların önlenmesi ve tedavisinde uygulanabilecek fiziksel aktivite uygulama yöntemlerine ilişkin daha güçlü bir temel sağlayabileceği de öngörülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Metabolik hastalıklar; fabkin; atletik performans
ABSTRACT
 Researchers in genetics have succeeded in uncovering details of the human genome that will provide important information about mutation points and inherited behaviors that cause chronic and metabolic diseases. With the identification of the human genome map, it will also make it very easy for researchers to analyze whether nucleotide sequences vary at different rates between individuals and whether the changes due to heredity play a role in the formation of metabolic or chronic diseases. Just before the completion of the human genome project, researchers discovered fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), which is released from adipose tissues, and the hormone fabkin, which affects insulin resistance. When the effects of the fabkin hormone complex on metabolism are reduced by genetic methods or the use of drugs, it is predicted that the disease may disappear in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mice, and the similar change observed on human beta cells may be a very promising treatment method for diabetes. Researchers have determined that the FABP4 protein is secreted during the breakdown of fat stored in adipocytes in response to hunger, and that FABP4 levels in the blood are associated with many diseases, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Based on their long years of experience and observations, sports scientists and trainers have observed that there are significant differences between individuals in the development of physical performance, and that exercise loads contribute significantly to the development of performance and a healthy metabolism by triggering individual behavioral changes. Human metabolism is affected by the combination of many different systems and the differences in the functioning of these systems. As a result of recent studies, individual differences in genetic sequences can affect the responses given to training loads, the effectiveness of ergogenic supports, recovery speed, calorie requirement and injury risk, it is also envisaged that the findings obtained from these studies may provide a stronger basis for physical activity practice methods that can be applied in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.

Keywords: Metabolic diseases; fabkin; athletic performance
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