Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Ophthalmology

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Evaluation of Age-Related Changes in Corneal Parameters Using Scheimpflug Imaging: A Prospective Clinical Study Scheimpflug Görüntüleme Tekniği Kullanılarak Yaşa Bağlı
Kornea Parametrelerindeki Değişikliklerin Değerlendirilmesi: Prospektif Klinik Çalışma
Mustafa DURANa
aClinic of Ophthalmology, Hitit University Erol Olçok Training and Research Hospital, Çorum, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Ophthalmol. 2023;32(2):90-8
doi: 10.5336/ophthal.2022-93436
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Objective: To determine the changes in corneal parameters of the normal population with age using corneal topography. Material and Methods: This prospective study included 275 right-eye measurements from a total of 275 healthy participants. The participants were divided into 4 groups according to their age: 6 to 20 years (Group 1), 21 to 40 years (Group 2), 41 to 60 years (Group 3), and over 60 years (Group 4). Central corneal thickness (CCT), central 10 mm corneal volume (Cvol), keratometry (K) values, corneal astigmatism (Ast), and axis values obtained with a Sirius topography device were recorded. Results: The mean age of the participants was 35.94±21.04 (range 6 to 77). There was a significant difference in CCT, Cvol, and Ast measurements between the groups (p<0.001). Regression analysis found a decrease of 4.6 µm in CCT and 0.6 mm3 in Cvol for every 10 years. There was a significant negative correlation between age and CCT and Cvol (r=-0.281, r=-0.336, respectively). There was a statistically significant change in the astigmatic axis values in accordance with with-the rule (WTR) and against-the rule with age. There was a significant difference in overall and Group 1 and 2 K values in the evaluation according to sex. Conclusion: CCT, Cvol, and Ast values decrease significantly with age. Axis values shift from WTR to against-to-rule with age. Knowledge of these changes can help in the prediction of the longterm results of corneal diseases, ophthalmic operations, and intraocular lens power calculations.

Keywords: Central corneal thickness; corneal volume; keratometry values; corneal astigmatism
ÖZET
 Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, yaşla birlikte normal popülasyonun kornea parametrelerinde meydana gelen değişiklikleri korneal topografi kullanarak belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu prospektif çalışma toplam 275 sağlıklı katılımcının 275 sağ göz ölçümlerini içermektedir. Katılımcılar yaşlarına göre 4 gruba ayrıldı: 6-20 yaş (Grup 1), 21-40 yaş (Grup 2), 41-60 yaş (Grup 3), 60 yaş üzeri (Grup 4). Sirius topografi cihazı ile alınan santral kornea kalınlığı [central corneal thickness (CCT)], santral 10 mm korneal hacim [corneal volume (Cvol)], keratometri (K) değerleri, korneal astigmat [corneal astigmatism (Ast)] ve aks değerleri kaydedildi. Bulgular: Katılımcıların ortalama yaşları 35,94 (aralık, 6-77 yaş) idi. Gruplar arasında CCT, Cvol ve Ast ölçümlerinde anlamlı fark mevcut idi (p<0,001). Regresyon analizinde her 10 yıl için CCT'de 4,6 µm, Cvol'de 0,6 mm3 azalma bulundu. Yaşla CCT ve Cvol arasında anlamlı negatif korelasyon vardı (sırasıyla, r=-0,281, r=-0,336). Düz K değerinde Grup 2 ve 3 arasındaki farktan kaynaklanan anlamlılık mevcut idi. Yaşla birlikte kurala uygun ve kurala aykırı astigmatik aks değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değişiklik var idi. Cinsiyetle ilişkili değerlendirmede tüm katılımcılar, Grup 1 ve 2'de K değerleri açısından anlamlı fark mevcut idi. Sonuç: CCT, Cvol ve Ast değerleri yaşla anlamlı olarak azalmaktadır. Aks değerleri yaşla birlikte kurala uygun astigmattan, kurala aykırı astigmata kaymaktadır. Bu değişimlerin bilinmesi cerrahi girişimlerin, göz içi lens gücü hesaplamalarının, kornea hastalıklarının, uzun dönem sonuçlarının tahmin edilebilmesinde yardımcı olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Santral kornea kalınlığı; kornea hacmi; keratometri değerleri; korneal astigmat
REFERENCES:
  1. Hayashi K, Hayashi H, Hayashi F. Topographic analysis of the changes in corneal shape due to aging. Cornea. 1995;14(5):527-32. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  2. Ho JD, Liou SW, Tsai RJ, Tsai CY. Effects of aging on anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism. Cornea. 2010;29(6):632-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  3. Nemeth G, Hassan Z, Szalai E, Berta A, Modis L Jr. Analysis of age-dependence of the anterior and posterior cornea with scheimpflug imaging. J Refract Surg. 2013;29(5):326-31. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  4. Goss DA, West RW. Introduction to the Optics of the Eye. 1st ed. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann Medical; 2002.
  5. Eysteinsson T, Jonasson F, Sasaki H, Arnarsson A, Sverrisson T, Sasaki K, et al. Reykjavik Eye Study Group. Central corneal thickness, radius of the corneal curvature and intraocular pressure in normal subjects using non-contact techniques: Reykjavik Eye Study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2002;80(1):11-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  6. Lekskul M, Aimpun P, Nawanopparatskul B, Bumrungsawat S, Trakulmungkijkarn T, Charoenvanichvisit J, et al. The correlations between Central Corneal Thickness and age, gender, intraocular pressure and refractive error of aged 12-60 years old in rural Thai community. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88 Suppl 3:S175-9. [PubMed] 
  7. Haigis W, Lege B, Miller N, Schneider B. Comparison of immersion ultrasound biometry and partial coherence interferometry for intraocular lens calculation according to Haigis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2000;238(9):765-73. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  8. Rosa N, De Bernardo M, Borrelli M. Calculation of unknown preoperative K readings in postrefractive surgery patients. J Ophthalmol. 2018;2018:3120941. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  9. Aristodemou P, Knox Cartwright NE, Sparrow JM, Johnston RL. Formula choice: Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, or SRK/T and refractive outcomes in 8108 eyes after cataract surgery with biometry by partial coherence interferometry. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011;37(1):63-71. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  10. Nemesure B, Wu SY, Hennis A, Leske MC; Barbados Eye Study Group. Corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in the Barbados eye studies. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(2):240-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  11. Mello PR, Meirelles SH, Moraes Júnior HV. Correlação entre a espessura corneana central e o comprimento axial ocular nos portadores de glaucoma e em olhos normais [Correlation between central corneal thickness and axial length in patients with glaucoma and normal eyes]. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2009;72(4):497-502. Portuguese. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  12. Kazancı L, Eren S, Aydın E, Yüksel B. Erişkinlerde Sirius® topografi cihazı ile kornea ve ön kamara ölçümlerinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of cornea and anterior chamber measurements using Sirius® topographer in adults]. Glokom-Katarakt. 2006;11(4):225-9. [Link] 
  13. Zhao Y, Chen D, Savini G, Wang Q, Zhang H, Jin Y, et al. The precision and agreement of corneal thickness and keratometry measurements with SS-OCT versus Scheimpflug imaging. Eye Vis (Lond). 2020;7:32. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  14. Yalcın SO, Kaplan AT. Comparison of central corneal thickness measurements with different non-contact devices in healthy children. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2022;40:103045. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  15. Aghaian E, Choe JE, Lin S, Stamper RL. Central corneal thickness of Caucasians, Chinese, Hispanics, Filipinos, African Americans, and Japanese in a glaucoma clinic. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(12):2211-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  16. Galgauskas S, Norvydaitė D, Krasauskaitė D, Stech S, A?oklis RS. Age-related changes in corneal thickness and endothelial characteristics. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:1445-50. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  17. Foster PJ, Baasanhu J, Alsbirk PH, Munkhbayar D, Uranchimeg D, Johnson GJ. Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in a Mongolian population. Ophthalmology. 1998;105(6):969-73. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Eballe AO, Koki G, Ellong A, Owono D, Epée E, Bella LA, et al. Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in the Cameroonian nonglaucomatous population. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4:717-24. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  19. Islam QU, Saeed MK, Mehboob MA. Age related changes in corneal morphological characteristics of healthy Pakistani eyes. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2017;31(2):86-90. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  20. Xu L, Zhang H, Wang YX, Jonas JB. Central corneal thickness and glaucoma in adult Chinese: the Beijing Eye Study. J Glaucoma. 2008;17(8):647-53. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  21. Suzuki S, Suzuki Y, Iwase A, Araie M. Corneal thickness in an ophthalmologically normal Japanese population. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(8):1327-36. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  22. Goldich Y, Barkana Y, Pras E, Fish A, Mandel Y, Hirsh A, et al. Variations in corneal biomechanical parameters and central corneal thickness during the menstrual cycle. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011;37(8):1507-11. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  23. Prakash G, Srivastava D, Avadhani K, Thirumalai SM, Choudhuri S. Comparative Evaluation of the Corneal and Anterior Chamber Parameters Derived From Scheimpflug Imaging in Arab and South Asian Normal Eyes. Cornea. 2015;34(11):1447-55. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  24. Çevik SG, Kıvanç SA, Akova-Budak B, Tok-Çevik M. Relationship among corneal biomechanics, anterior segment parameters, and geometric corneal parameters. J Ophthalmol. 2016;2016:8418613. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  25. Elsheikh A, Wang D, Brown M, Rama P, Campanelli M, Pye D. Assessment of corneal biomechanical properties and their variation with age. Curr Eye Res. 2007;32(1):11-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  26. Malik NS, Moss SJ, Ahmed N, Furth AJ, Wall RS, Meek KM. Ageing of the human corneal stroma: structural and biochemical changes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992;1138(3):222-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  27. Vitályos G, Kolozsvári BL, Németh G, Losonczy G, Hassan Z, Pásztor D, et al. Effects of aging on corneal parameters measured with Pentacam in healthy subjects. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 4;9(1):3419. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  28. Orucoglu F, Akman M, Onal S. Analysis of age, refractive error and gender related changes of the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye with Scheimpflug imaging. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2015;38(5):345-50. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  29. Ferrer-Blasco T, González-Méijome JM, Montés-Micó R. Age-related changes in the human visual system and prevalence of refractive conditions in patients attending an eye clinic. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008;34(3):424-32. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  30. Khan MI, Muhtaseb M. Prevalence of corneal astigmatism in patients having routine cataract surgery at a teaching hospital in the United Kingdom. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011;37(10):1751-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  31. Suzuki T, Kinoshita Y, Tachibana M, Matsushima Y, Kobayashi Y, Adachi W, et al. Expression of sex steroid hormone receptors in human cornea. Curr Eye Res. 2001;22(1):28-33. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  32. Sanfilippo PG, Yazar S, Kearns L, Sherwin JC, Hewitt AW, Mackey DA. Distribution of astigmatism as a function of age in an Australian population. Acta Ophthalmol. 2015;93(5):e377-85. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  33. Ueno Y, Hiraoka T, Beheregaray S, Miyazaki M, Ito M, Oshika T. Age-related changes in anterior, posterior, and total corneal astigmatism. J Refract Surg. 2014;30(3):192-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  34. Naeser K, Savini G, Bregnhøj JF. Age-related changes in with-the-rule and oblique corneal astigmatism. Acta Ophthalmol. 2018;96(6):600-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  35. Namba H, Sugano A, Murakami T, Utsunomiya H, Nishitsuka K, Ishizawa K, et al. Age-related changes in astigmatism and potential causes. Cornea. 2020;39 Suppl 1:S34-S8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com