Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Düzenli Egzersiz Yapan Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Kaslı Olma Dürtüsü, Kaslılık Odaklı Yeme Davranışı ve Egzersiz Bağımlılığı ile Beden Algısı, Yeme Bozukluğu Riski ve Fiziksel Aktivite Düzeyi İlişkisi: Tanımlayıcı Araştırma
The Relationship of Body Perception, Eating Disorder Risk and Physical Activity Level with Drive for Muscularity, Muscle-Focused Eating Behavior and Exercise Dependence Among University Students Who Have Regular Exercise: Descriptive Research
Pınar HAMURCUa
aİstanbul Kent Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Sports Sci. 2023;15(1):131-41
doi: 10.5336/sportsci.2022-93275
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, düzenli egzersiz yapan üniversite öğrencilerinin kaslı olma dürtüsü, kaslılık odaklı yeme davranışı ve egzersiz bağımlılığı ile beden algısı, yeme bozukluğu riski ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ilişkilerinin araştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Kesitsel, tanımlayıcı tipte olan bu çalışma gönüllülük esasına dayalıdır. İstanbul ilinde 2021-2022 akademik yılında çeşitli üniversitelerde eğitim gören ve spor takımlarına/salonlarına kayıtlı olup düzenli egzersiz yapan 664 katılımcı ile yürütülmüştür. Google Formlar aracılığıyla Bilgi Formu, Kaslı Olma Dürtüsü Ölçeği, Kaslılık Odaklı Yeme Testi, REZZY Yeme Bozuklukları Ölçeği, Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi, Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği ve Stunkard Beden Memnuniyeti Ölçeği 'online' olarak uygulanmıştır. Araştırma verileri IBM SPSS v26® paket programıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan 664 üniversite öğrencisinin %51,1'i erkektir. Yaş ortalaması 22,12±3,43 yıl olan öğrencilerin, beden kitle indeksi ortalaması 23,29±3,97 kg/m2 'dir. Bu çalışmada, beden memnuniyetsizliği arttıkça kaslı olma dürtüsünün (p<0,001) ve egzersiz bağımlılığının (p=0,524) azaldığı, kaslılık odaklı yeme davranışının ise (p=0,664) arttığı bulunmuştur. Yeme bozukluğu riski arttıkça; kaslı olma dürtüsünün (p=0,350), kaslılık odaklı yeme davranışının (p=0,002) ve egzersiz bağımlılığının (p=0,051) arttığı bulunmuştur. Fiziksel aktivite düzeyi arttıkça ise kaslı olma dürtüsünün, kaslılık odaklı yeme davranışının ve egzersiz bağımlılığının arttığı bulunmuştur (<0,001). Sonuç: Genç erişkinlerde kaslı olma dürtüsü; beden memnuniyeti ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ile anlamlı ilişkilidir. Kaslılık odaklı yeme davranışı, yeme bozukluğu riski ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ile anlamlı ilişkilidir. Egzersiz bağımlılığı ise fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ile anlamlı ilişkilidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Egzersiz; beslenme ve yeme bozuklukları; beden imajı
ABSTRACT
 Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of body image, eating disorder risk and physical activity level with drive for muscularity, muscle-focused eating behavior and exercise dependence among university students who have regular exercise. Material and Methods: The cross-sectional descriptive study was based on voluntary participation which carried out with 664 undergraduate students who were studying at various universities in İstanbul in the 2021-2022 academic year and registered in sports teams/halls so had exercising regularly. Data was collected voluntarily with Diagnostic Form, Drive for Muscularity Scale, Muscularity Oriented Eating Test, SCOFF Eating Disorder Questionnare, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Exercise Addiction Scale and Stunkard Figure Rating Scale Forms and applied online on Google Forms. IBM SPSS v26® software was used in the analysis of the data. Results: Total of 664 students participated and 51.1% were male. Mean age was 22.12±3.43 years, and mean body mass index was 23.29±3.97 kg/m2 . As body dissatisfaction increases, drive for muscularity (p<0.001) and exercise dependence (p=0.524) decreased otherwise muscularity-oriented eating behavior (p=0.664) increased. As eating disorders risk increases; drive for muscularity (p=0.350), muscularity-oriented eating behavior (p=0.002) and exercise dependence (p=0.051) increased. And also, as level of physical activity increases, drive for muscularity, muscularityoriented eating behavior and exercise dependence increased (<0.001). Conclusion: In this study, drive for muscularity was found significantly associated with body satisfaction and physical activity level. Muscular eating behavior was found significantly associated with eating disorders risk and physical activity level. Exercise dependence was found significantly associated with physical activity level.

Keywords: Exercise; feeding and eating disorders; body image
REFERENCES:
  1. World Health Organization [Internet]. © 2022 WHO. Health and Well-Being. [Cited: July 5, 2022]. Available from: [Link] 
  2. Akyol A, Bilgiç P, Ersoy G. Fiziksel Aktivite, Beslenme ve Sağlıklı Yaşam. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Klasmat Matbaacılık; 2008. p.7.
  3. Çiftçi FS. Üniversite öğrencilerinin beden algısı ve yeme tutumu arasındaki ilişki [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Isparta: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi; 2012. [Erişim tarihi: 01.07.2022]. [Link] 
  4. Akten E, Noyan CO. Yeme eylemi; fizyolojik bir ihtiyaç mı? psikolojik bir davranış mı? üniversite öğrencilerinde bağlanma stilleri ile yeme bağımlılığı ilişkisi [Eating action; a physiological need or a psychological behavior? The relationship between attachment styles and food addictions in university students]. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi. 2019;1(1):30-2. [Crossref] 
  5. Oğuz GY. Bir güzellik miti olarak incelik ve kadınlarla ilgili beden imgesinin televizyonda sunumu [Thinnes as a beauty myth and the representation of women's body image on television]. Selçuk İletişim Dergisi. 2005;4(1):31-7. [Link] 
  6. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. [Crossref] 
  7. World Health Organization [Internet]. © 2022 WHO. [Cited: July 25, 2022]. Physical activity. Available from: [Link] 
  8. Sucular E. Egzersiz yapan bireylerin yeme davraniş bozukluklarinin egzersiz bağimliliği üzerine etkisi. [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Aydın: Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi; 2020. [Erişim tarihi: 01.07.2022]. [Link] 
  9. Selvi K, Bozo O. Turkish adaptation of the drive for muscularity scale: A validity and reliability study. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi. 2019;7(14):68-82. [Crossref] 
  10. Caliskan G, Alim NE. Validity and reliability of the muscularity oriented eating test (MOET) in Turkish. Am J Health Behav. 2021;45(5):856-66. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  11. Tekkurşun Demir G, Hazar Z, Cicioğlu Hİ. Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği (EBÖ): Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Exercise addiction scale (EAS): a study of validity and reliability]. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi. 2018;26(3):865-74. [Crossref] 
  12. Aydemir Ö, Köksal B, Sapmaz SY, Yüceyar H. Kadın üniversite ögrencilerinde REZZY Yeme Bozuklukları Ölçegi Türkçe formunun güvenilirlik ve geçerliliği [Reliability and validity of Turkish form of SCOFF Eating Disorders Scale]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2015;16(1):31-5. [Crossref] 
  13. Öztürk M. Üniversitede eğitim-öğretim gören öğrencilerde uluslararası fiziksel aktivite anketinin geçerliliği ve güvenirliği ve fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi; 2005. [Erişim tarihi: 01.07.2022]. [Link] 
  14. Stunkard AJ, Sørensen T, Schulsinger F. Use of the Danish Adoption Register for the study of obesity and thinness. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 1983;60:115-20. [PubMed] 
  15. Johnson C, Crosby R, Engel S, Mitchell J, Powers P, Wittrock D, et al. Gender, ethnicity, self-esteem and disordered eating among college athletes. Eat Behav. 2004;5(2):147-56. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  16. Chaba L, d'Arripe-Longueville F, Lentillon-Kaestner V, Scoffier-Mériaux S. Drive for muscularity behaviors in male bodybuilders: a trans-contextual model of motivation. J Eat Disord. 2019;7:44. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  17. Lavender JM, Gratz KL, Anderson DA. Mindfulness, body image, and drive for muscularity in men. Body Image. 2012;9(2):289-92. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Prnjak K, Fried E, Mond J, Hay P, Bussey K, Griffiths S, et al. Identifying components of drive for muscularity and leanness associated with core body image disturbance: a network analysis. Psychol Assess. 2022;34(4):353-66. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Chittester NI, Hausenblas HA. Correlates of drive for muscularity: the role of anthropometric measures and psychological factors. J Health Psychol. 2009;14(7):872-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Arellano-Pérez OG, Vázquez-Cervantes MJ, Fernández Cortés TL, Saucedo-Molina TJ. Drive for muscularity and disordered eating behaviors and its relationship with anthropometric indicators and physical activity in Mexican adolescent men. Eat Weight Disord. 2019;24(4):661-70. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  21. Compte EJ, Sepulveda AR, Torrente F. A two-stage epidemiological study of eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia in male university students in Buenos Aires. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(8):1092-101. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  22. Bratland-Sanda S, Sundgot-Borgen J. Symptoms of eating disorders, drive for muscularity and physical activity among Norwegian adolescents. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012;20(4):287-93. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  23. Brunet J, Sabiston CM, Dorsch KD, McCreary DR. Exploring a model linking social physique anxiety, drive for muscularity, drive for thinness and self-esteem among adolescent boys and girls. Body Image. 2010;7(2):137-42. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  24. Yarar H, Fidan M, Karahan-Yılmaz S, Eskici G, Saraç OE. Sporcularda kaslı olma dürtüsü ve besinsel ergojenik destek ürünleri kullanımının değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of the drive to be muscular and the use of nutritional ergogenic supplements in athletes]. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2022;7(1):162-73. [Crossref] 
  25. Murray SB, Griffiths S, Mond JM, Kean J, Blashill AJ. Anabolic steroid use and body image psychopathology in men: delineating between appearance- versus performance-driven motivations. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;165:198-202. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  26. Murray SB, Rieger E, Hildebrandt T, Karlov L, Russell J, Boon E, et al. A comparison of eating, exercise, shape, and weight related symptomatology in males with muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa. Body Image. 2012;9(2):193-200. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  27. Gulker MG, Laskis TA, Kuba SA. Do excessive exercisers have a higher rate of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology? Psychology, Health & Medicine. 2001;6(4):387-98. [Crossref] 
  28. Kong P, Harris LM. The sporting body: body image and eating disorder symptomatology among female athletes from leanness focused and nonleanness focused sports. J Psychol. 2015;149(1-2):141-60. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  29. Piacentino D, Kotzalidis GD, Longo L, Pavan A, Stivali L, Stivali G, et al. Body image and eating disorders are common among professional and amateur athletes using performance and image enhancing drugs: a cross-sectional study. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2017;49(5):373-84. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  30. Keng SL, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ. Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(6):1041-56. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  31. Yıldırım İ, Yıldırım Y, Ersöz Y, Işık Ö, Saraçlı S, Karagöz Ş, et al. Egzersiz bağımlılığı, yeme tutum ve davranışları ilişkisi [Correlation between exercise dependence and eating attitudes and behaviors]. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;12(1):43-54. [Link] 
  32. Lichtenstein MB, Christiansen E, Elklit A, Bilenberg N, Støving RK. Exercise addiction: a study of eating disorder symptoms, quality of life, personality traits and attachment styles. Psychiatry Res. 2014;215(2):410-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  33. Bratland-Sanda S, Sundgot-Borgen J, Rø Ø, Rosenvinge JH, Hoffart A, Martinsen EW. Physical activity and exercise dependence during inpatient treatment of longstanding eating disorders: an exploratory study of excessive and non-excessive exercisers. Int J Eat Disord. 2010;43(3):266-73. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  34. Hausenblas HA, Downs DS. Exercise dependence: a systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2002;3(2):89-123. [Crossref] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com