Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Down Sendromlu Hastalarda Odyolojik Değerlendirme: Tanımlayıcı Araştırma
Audiological Assessment of Patients with Down Syndrome: A Descriptive Study
Ahsen KARTALa, Ayça ÇİPRUTb
aMarmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Odyoloji ve Konuşma Bozuklukları BD, İstanbul, Türkiye
bMarmara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Odyoloji ve Konuşma Bozuklukları BD, İstanbul, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2022;7(2):492-9
doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2021-85850
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Amaç: Çalışmamızın amacı, hastanemiz odyoloji bilim dalına başvuran Down sendromlu hastaların odyolojik test bulgularını incelemek ve bu hastaların, normal işitme ve işitme kaybı oranını belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Ocak 2012 ve Aralık 2020 tarihleri arasında Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Odyoloji Bilim Dalına başvuran Down sendromlu hastaların, odyolojik değerlendirme sonuçları retrospektif olarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmaya, 0-18 yaş (yaş ortalaması: 3,67±3,46) arasında 45 kız, 70 erkek olmak üzere toplam 115 Down sendromlu hasta dâhil edilmiştir. Çalışmaya dâhil edilen hastalarda yenidoğan işitme taraması, timpanometri, otoakustik emisyon, işitsel beyin sapı yanıtları ve davranım odyometrisi sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmaya dâhil edilen hastalar, yenidoğan işitme taraması bakımından incelendiğinde, 97 hastaya yenidoğan işitme taraması yapılmıştır. Yenidoğan işitme taraması uygulanan 194 kulaktan, 52'si taramadan geçmiş ve 142 kulak taramadan kalmıştır. Toplam 125 kulakta Tip B, 60 kulakta Tip A, 29 kulakta Tip As, 14 kulakta Tip C ve 2 kulakta Tip Ad timpanogram gözlenmiştir. Toplam 52 kulakta otoakustik emisyon elde edilip; 178 kulakta otoakustik emisyon elde edilmemiştir. Hastaların 18'inde işitme eşikleri, bilateral normal sınırlarda gözlenmiştir. Hastaların 72'sinde bilateral ve 25'inde unilateral olmak üzere toplam 97 hastada işitme kaybı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak Down sendromu, işitme kaybı için bir risk faktörüdür. Hastalarda, iletim tip işitme kaybı görülebileceği gibi sensörinöral ve mikst işitme kaybı da görülebilmektedir. Uzun süreli kalıcı iletim tip işitme kaybı olan hastalara; işitsel girdi sağlanabilmesi, konuşma ve dil gelişiminin etkilenmemesi açısından işitsel amplifikasyon önerilmelidir. Ek olarak bu hastalarda, konuşma ve dil gelişiminin sağlanabilmesi için işitsel rehabilitasyon önerilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Down sendromu; işitme kaybı; akustik direnç testleri; saf ses odyometrisi; uyarılmış potansiyeller, işitsel, beyin sapı
ABSTRACT
 Objective: The aim of our study are to examine the audiological test results of patients with Down syndrome who applied to the audiology department and to determine the normal hearing and hearing loss rate of these patients. Material and Methods: A retrospective review of the results of audiological examinations was conducted for patients with Down syndrome between the years 2012 and 2020 at the Department of Audiology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine. The subjects consisted of 115 Down syndrome (45 female and 70 male) patients between the ages of 0-18 years (mean age: 3.67±3.46). Patients included in the study had their newborn hearing screening, tympanometry, otoacoustic emission, auditory brainstem responses, and behavioural audiometry results evaluated. Results: Newborn hearing screening was examined on the patients included in the study; 97 of them patients were performed newborn hearing screening. Of the 194 ears that were performed newborn hearing screening, 52 ears passed and 142 ears failed. Type B tympanograms were detected in 125 ears, Type A in 60 ears, Type As in 29 ears, Type C in 14 ears, and Type Ad in 2 ears. While otoacoustic emission was obtained in 52 ears, it was not obtained in 178 ears in total. Hearing thresholds were within the normal range bilaterally in 18 patients. Hearing loss was noted in 97 patients, of whom 72 were bilateral and 25 were unilateral. Conclusion: In summary, Down syndrome is a risk factor for hearing loss. Patients may have conductive hearing loss as well as sensorineural and mixed hearing loss. Patients with permanent conductive hearing loss should be offered auditory amplification to provide auditory input. In these patients, auditory rehabilitation should be recommended to ensure speech and language development.

Keywords: Down syndrome; hearing loss; acoustic impedance tests; pure-tone audiometry; evoked potentials, auditory, brain stem
REFERENCES:
  1. Sherman SL, Allen EG, Bean LH, Freeman SB. Epidemiology of Down syndrome. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2007;13(3):221-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  2. Mai CT, Isenburg JL, Canfield MA, Meyer RE, Correa A, Alverson CJ, et al; National Birth Defects Prevention Network. National population-based estimates for major birth defects, 2010-2014. Birth Defects Res. 2019;111(18): 1420-35. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  3. Türkbay D, Canpolat FE, Derme T, Altuğ N, Yılmaz Y. The birth prevalence of selected major congenital anomalies: Six-year's experience in a tertiary care maternity hospital. Turk Pediatri Ars. 2020;55(4):393-400. [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  4. Basonbul RA, Ronner EA, Rong A, Rong G, Cohen MS. Audiologic testing in children with Down syndrome: Are current guidelines optimal? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;134: 110017. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  5. Kreicher KL, Weir FW, Nguyen SA, Meyer TA. Characteristics and progression of hearing loss in children with Down syndrome. J Pediatr. 2018;193:27-33.e2. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  6. Perkins A. The lowdown on Down syndrome. Nurs Made Incred Easy. 2017;15(2):40-6. [Crossref] 
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [İnternet]. [Erişim tarihi: 1 Haziran 2021]. Data and Statistics on Down Syndrome. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  8. Ghadersohi S, Bhushan B, Billings KR. Challenges and outcomes of cholesteatoma management in children with Down syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;106:80-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  9. Paulson LM, Weaver TS, Macarthur CJ. Outcomes of tympanostomy tube placement in children with Down syndrome--a retrospective review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014; 78(2):223-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  10. Ogando PB, Röösli C, Karmody CS, Northrop CC. The incudostapedial articulation in Down's syndrome (trisomy 21): a temporal bone study. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(8):1489-95. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  11. Park AH, Wilson MA, Stevens PT, Harward R, Hohler N. Identification of hearing loss in pediatric patients with Down syndrome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;146(1): 135-40. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  12. Trudeau S, Anne S, Otteson T, Hopkins B, Georgopoulos R, Wentland C. Diagnosis and patterns of hearing loss in children with severe developmental delay. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021;42(3):102923. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  13. De Schrijver L, Topsakal V, Wojciechowski M, Van de Heyning P, Boudewyns A. Prevalence and etiology of sensorineural hearing loss in children with down syndrome: A cross-sectional study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;116:168-72. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  14. Jerger J. Clinical experience with impedance audiometry. Arch Otolaryngol. 1970;92(4):311-24. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  15. Goodman A. Reference zero levels for pure-tone audiometers. ASHA. 1965;7:262-73. [Link] 
  16. Roizen NJ, Wolters C, Nicol T, Blondis TA. Hearing loss in children with Down syndrome. J Pediatr. 1993;123(1):S9-12. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  17. Manickam V, Shott GS, Heithaus D, Shott SR. Hearing loss in Down syndrome revisited - 15 years later. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;88:203-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Maris M, Wojciechowski M, Van de Heyning P, Boudewyns A. A cross-sectional analysis of otitis media with effusion in children with Down syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 2014;173(10):1319-25. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Iino Y, Imamura Y, Harigai S, Tanaka Y. Efficacy of tympanostomy tube insertion for otitis media with effusion in children with Down syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1999; 49(2):143-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Nightengale E, Yoon P, Wolter-Warmerdam K, Daniels D, Hickey F. Understanding hearing and hearing loss in children with Down syndrome. Am J Audiol. 2017;26(3):301-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  21. Shott SR, Joseph A, Heithaus D. Hearing loss in children with Down syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2001;61(3):199-205. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  22. Lau WL, Ko CH, Cheng WW. Prevalence and parental awareness of hearing loss in children with Down syndrome. Chin Med J (Engl). 2015;128(8):1091-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  23. Austeng ME, Akre H, Falkenberg ES, Øverland B, Abdelnoor M, Kværner KJ. Hearing level in children with Down syndrome at the age of eight. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(7): 2251-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  24. Raut P, Sriram B, Yeoh A, Hee KY, Lim SB, Daniel ML. High prevalence of hearing loss in Down syndrome at first year of life. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2011;40(11):493-8. [PubMed] 
  25. McDermott AL, Williams J, Kuo MJ, Reid AP, Proops DW. The role of bone anchored hearing aids in children with Down syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72(6):751-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  26. Sheehan PZ, Hans PS. UK and Ireland experience of bone anchored hearing aids (BAHA) in individuals with Down syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70(6):981-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  27. Grieco J, Pulsifer M, Seligsohn K, Skotko B, Schwartz A. Down syndrome: Cognitive and behavioral functioning across the lifespan. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2015; 169(2):135-49. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com