Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences

.: REVIEW
Diabetes Mellitus ve Periodontitis Arasındaki Çift Yönlü İlişki
Bidirectional Relationship Between Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis: Review
Ela Tules FIRATa, Ahmet DAĞa
aPeriodontoloji AD, Dicle Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Diyarbakır
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2009;29(2):481-7
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
Diyabetik hastalarda birçok oral değişiklik meydana gelmektedir. Diyabetin periodonsiyum üzerindeki etkileri ise halen araştırılmaktadır. Diyabetin periodonsiyum üzerine spesifik etkileri hakkında kesin sonuçlara varmak güç olmasına rağmen kötü ağız hijyeni olan diyabetik hastalarda çok şiddetli jinjival enflamasyon, derin periodontal cepler, hızlı kemik kayıpları ve periodontal abseler sıklıkla meydana gelir. Son çalışmalarda, kontrol altına alınamayan veya zayıf kontrollü diyabette, periodontitisi kapsayan şiddetli enfeksiyon ve enfeksiyona artmış duyarlılık olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Çalışmalar diyabetin, periodontal hastalığın gelişmesi için yaklaşık 3 kat fazla risk taşıdığını ve periodontitisin, artık lokalize oral bir enfeksiyondan çok, kişinin sistemik fizyolojisini değiştiren kronik subklinik bir enfeksiyon olduğunu göstermektedir. Periodontal hastalıkların, nöropati, nefropati, retinopati ve mikro/ makrovasküler hastalıkların yanında diyabetin altıncı komplikasyonu olduğu rapor edilmiştir. Her iki hastalığın birer kronik subklinik enfeksiyon olması düşüncesine dayanarak, periodontitis ve diyabetin lokal ve sistemik seviyede artmış enflamatuar yanıtı içeren ortak bir patogenezi paylaştığı düşünülmektedir. Bununla ilgili olarak, son zamanlarda, diyabet ve periodontitis arasında çift yönlü ilişki olduğunu ileri süren çalışmalar yayınlanmaktadır. Diyabetin, periodonsiyum üzerindeki asıl etkisi, konağın immünoenflamatuar reaksiyonlarında ve doku homeostazında değişiklik yapmasıdır. Diyabet hastalarında monosit ve makrofajlardaki artmış yanıtın, periodonsiyumda immün hücreler üzerinde seviyesi yükselmiş olan ileri glikasyon son ürünlerinin (AGE; advanced glycated end-products) AGE reseptörleriyle etkileşimi ile ilgili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Diğer yandan, kronik gram-negatif periodontal enfeksiyonların insülin direncini arttırarak glisemik kontrol üzerinde olumsuz etkisi olduğu ileri sürülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Diabetes mellitus, type 2; periodontitis
ABSTRACT
Numerous oral changes have been described in diabetics. The influence of diabetes on the periodontium has been thoroughly investigated. Although it is difficult to make definitive conclusions about the specific effects of diabetes on periodontium, very severe gingival inflammation, deep periodontal pockets, rapid bone loss, and frequent periodontal abcesses often occur in diabetic patients with poor oral hygiene. Recent studies suggest that uncontrolled or poorly controlled diabetes is associated with an increased susceptibility and severity of infections including periodontitis. Studies showed that subjects with type 2 diabetes had approximately threefold increased odds of having periodontitis compared with nondiabetics. Recent data indicate periodontitis is much more than a localized oral infection. It is a chronic subclinical infection that may cause changes in systemic physiology. Periodontal disease has been reported as the sixth complication of diabetes, along with neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and micro- and macrovascular diseases. Both diseases are thought to share a common pathogenesis that involves an enhanced inflammatory response that can be observed at the local and systemic level. Many studies have been published describing the bidirectional interrelationship between diabetes and periodontal disease. The main influences of diabetes on periodontal disease appear to be related to alterations in host immunoinflammatory reactions and tissue homeostasis. The increased response of monocytes and macrophages from diabetic patients may be related to the interaction of elevated levels of advanced glycated end-products (AGEs) in the periodontium with AGE receptors on these immune cells. However, chronic gram-negative periodontal infections increase insulin resistance and negatively impact glycemic control.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, tip 2; periodontitis

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30.03.2014

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