Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Ophthalmology

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Defensive Medicine Practices Among Ophthalmologists in Turkey
Türkiye'deki Oftalmologlar Arasında Defansif Tıp Uygulamaları
Delil ÖZCANa, Abdurrahman Alpaslan ALKANb
aDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, TURKEY
bClinic of Ophthalmology, Şehit Rıdvan Çevik State Hospital, Van, TURKEY
Turkiye Klinikleri J Ophthalmol. 2021;30(1):30-5
doi: 10.5336/ophthal.2020-76552
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the prevalence of defensive medicine among ophthalmologists in Turkey and how malpractice cases affect ophthalmologists. Material and Methods: Surveys about defensive medicine were sent to the e-mail addresses of 247 ophthalmologists registered with the Turkish Ophthalmological Association between July 2019 and November 2019. In addition, direct interviews were conducted with the doctors between the same dates. Results: A total of 194 (78.5%) out of 247 ophthalmologists completed the survey. The survey results showed that, while most of the doctors had previously heard of defensive medicine, they did not have detailed knowledge about this concept and 66.5% of the ophthalmologists who responded want additional consultation for defensive purposes and 57.7% would like additional laboratory tests. In addition, 67.5% stated that they avoided cases that were difficult to diagnose and treat, while 68.6% stated that they avoided high-risk surgeries. Although only 6.2% of respondents had faced malpractice lawsuits, 78.7% of ophthalmologists stated that these cases affected their clinical practice. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating defensive medicine among ophthalmologists. Our results showed that defensive medicine is common in ophthalmology. In addition, malpractice cases increase defensive medicine among ophthalmologists and negatively affect their professional lives.

Keywords: Defensive medicine; malpractice; insurance, liability
ÖZET
Amaç: Türkiye'deki oftalmologlar arasında defansif tıp uygulamalarının yaygınlığını ve malpraktis davalarının, oftalmologları nasıl etkilediğinin araştırılması. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Temmuz 2019 ve Kasım 2019 tarihleri arasında defansif tıp uygulamaları ile ilgili hazırlanmış anketler, 247 oftalmoloğun Türk Oftalmoloji Derneğine bildirdikleri elektronik posta adreslerine gönderildi. Ayrıca aynı tarihler arasında doktorlarla doğrudan görüşmeler yapılarak, anketlerin cevaplanması istendi. Bulgular: Anketin ulaştırıldığı 247 oftalmologdan 194 (%78,5)'ü anketi tamamladı. Anket sonuçları doktorların büyük bir kısmının defansif tıp kavramını daha önce duyduğunu fakat bu kavram hakkında detaylı bilgi sahibi olmadıklarını gösterdi. Anketi cevaplayan oftalmologların %66,5'i defansif amaçlarla ek konsültasyon istediklerini, %57,7'si ise ek laboratuar tetkikleri istediklerini belirtti. Ayrıca %67,5'i tanı ve tedavisi güç vakalardan, %68,6'sı ise yüksek riskli cerrahilerden kaçındıklarını belirtti. Anketi cevaplayanların yalnızca %6,2'si malpraktis nedeniyle dava edilmiş olmasına karşın oftalmologların %78,7'si, bu davaların klinik pratiklerini etkilediğini belirtti. Sonuç: Bildiğimiz kadarı ile bu çalışma, oftalmologlar arasında defansif tıbbın araştırıldığı literatürdeki ilk çalışmadır. Sonuçlarımız, oftalmoloji alanında da defansif tıbbın yaygın olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca malpraktis davaları, oftalmologlar arasında defansif tıbbı yaygınlaştırmakta ve meslek hayatlarını olumsuz etkilemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Defansif tıp; malpraktis; sigorta, yükümlülük
REFERENCES:
  1. Thorpe KE. The medical malpractice 'crisis': recent trends and the impact of state tort reforms. Health Aff (Millwood). 2004;Suppl Web Exclusives:W4-20-30.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  2. Nguyen Thi PL, Briançon S, Empereur F, Guillemin F. Factors determining inpatient satisfaction with care. Soc Sci Med. 2002;54(4):493-504.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  3. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Defensive Medicine and Medical Malpractice. OTA-H--6O2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1994.[Link] 
  4. Tancredi LR, Barondess JA. The problem of defensive medicine. Science. 1978;200(4344):879-82.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  5. Tuers DM. Defensive medicine in the emergency department: increasing health care costs without increasing quality? Nurs Adm Q. 2013;37(2):160-4.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  6. Bishop TF, Federman AD, Keyhani S. Physicians' views on defensive medicine: a national survey. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(12):1081-3.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  7. Mello MM, Chandra A, Gawande AA, Studdert DM. National costs of the medical liability system. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010;29(9):1569-77.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  8. Ridic G, Howard T, Ridic O. Medical malpractice in connecticut: defensive medicine, real problem or a red herring - example of assessment of quality outcomes variables. Acta Inform Med. 2012;20(1):32-9.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  9. Studdert DM, Mello MM, Sage WM, DesRoches CM, Peugh J, Zapert K, et al. Defensive medicine among high-risk specialist physicians in a volatile malpractice environment. JAMA. 2005;293(21):2609-17.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  10. Catino M. Why do doctors practice defensive medicine? The side-effects of medical litigation. Safety Science Monitor. 2011;1(15).[Link] 
  11. Studdert DM, Mello MM, Brennan TA. Medical malpractice. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(3):283-92.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  12. Dove JT, Brush JE Jr, Chazal RA, Oetgen WJ. Medical professional liability and health care system reform. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(25):2801-3.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  13. Jena AB, Seabury S, Lakdawalla D, Chandra A. Malpractice risk according to physician specialty. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(7):629-36.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  14. Ortashi O, Virdee J, Hassan R, Mutrynowski T, Abu-Zidan F. The practice of defensive medicine among hospital doctors in the United Kingdom. BMC Med Ethics. 2013;14:42.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  15. Hiyama T, Yoshihara M, Tanaka S, Urabe Y, Ikegami Y, Fukuhara T, et al. Defensive medicine practices among gastroenterologists in Japan. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(47):7671-5.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  16. Rodriguez RM, Anglin D, Hankin A, Hayden SR, Phelps M, McCollough L, et al. A longitudinal study of emergency medicine residents' malpractice fear and defensive medicine. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14(6):569-73.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  17. Akıncı SB, Sarıcaoğlu F, Erden İA, Köseoğlu A, Aypar Ü. [The investigation of defensive medicine applications inanesthetists]. Anestezi Derg. 2013;21(1):151-6.[Link] 
  18. Yilmaz A, Demiral G, Şahin G, Yener O, Kocataş A, Bölük S. The Impact of Turkish Penal Code (TPC) which entered into force in 2005 on surgeons. J For Med. 2013;27(3):158-72.[Crossref] 
  19. Kanunu TC. Türk Ceza Kanunu. Retrieved December. 2004;13:2012.
  20. Kasap H, Akar T, Demirel B, Dursun AZ, Sarı S, Özkök A, et al. [The change of preference prioritiies on examination for specialty in medicine by years of high risky medical branches in medical malpractice]. The Bulletin of Legal Medicine. 2015;20(1):34-7.[Crossref] 
  21. Zwecker P, Azoulay L, Abenhaim HA. Effect of fear of litigation on obstetric care: a nationwide analysis on obstetric practice. Am J Perinatol. 2011;28(4):277-84.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  22. Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Ventura SJ. Births: preliminary data for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2010;59(3):1-19.[PubMed] 
  23. Nahed BV, Babu MA, Smith TR, Heary RF. Malpractice liability and defensive medicine: a national survey of neurosurgeons. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39237.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  24. Elli L, Tenca A, Soncini M, Spinzi G, Buscarini E, Conte D. Defensive medicine practices among gastroenterologists in Lombardy: between lawsuits and the economic crisis. Dig Liver Dis. 2013;45(6):469-73.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  25. Catino M, Celotti S. The problem of defensive medicine: two Italian surveys. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2009;148:206-21.[PubMed] 
  26. Sethi MK, Obremskey WT, Natividad H, Mir HR, Jahangir AA. Incidence and costs of defensive medicine among orthopedic surgeons in the United States: a national survey study. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2012;41(2):69-73.[PubMed] 
  27. Vimercati A, Greco P, Loizzi V, Loverro G, Selvaggi L. ["Defensive medicine" in the choice of cesarean section]. Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense. 2000;71 Suppl 1:717-21.[PubMed] 
  28. Vaughan D. The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1996. ISBN: 9780226346960[Crossref] 
  29. Reason JT. Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents. London; New York: Routledge; 2016. ISBN: 9781315543543[Crossref] 
  30. Ferguson J, Fakelmann R. The culture factor. Front Health Serv Manage. 2005;22(1):33-40.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  31. Dekker S. Just Culture: Balancing Safety and Accountability. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2016.[Crossref] 
  32. Adwok J, Kearns EH. Defensive medicine: effect on costs, quality and access to healthcare. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. 2013;3(6):29-35.[Link] 
  33. Antoci A, Maccioni AF, Galeotti M, Russu P. Defensive medicine, liability insurance and malpractice litigation in an evolutionary model. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications. 2019;47:414-35.[Crossref] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login



Contact


Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com