Journal of Traditional Medical Complementary Therapies

.: REVIEW
Bireyselleştirilmiş Bakım ve Neuman Sistemler Modeli
Individualised Care and the Neuman Systems Model
Şeyda CANa
aYalova Üniversitesi Termal Meslek Yüksekokulu, Yalova, TÜRKİYE
J Tradit Complem Med. 2019;2(1):25-32
doi: 10.5336/jtracom.2018-63522
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Bireyselleştirilmiş bakım; bireylerin ihtiyaçları, arzuları, deneyimleri, tercihleri, davranışları, duyguları, algıları ve anlayışlarının dikkate alınarak hemşirelik bakım uygulamalarının şekillendirilmesidir. Sağlık, hastalık ve ihtiyaçlar açısından hastalar arasındaki bireysel farklılıklar, bireyselleştirilmiş bakımı sunma gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle bireye yönelik bakım eylemlerini bireyselleştirebilmek için bireyin algılarını anlamak ve ihtiyaçları konusunda bilgi sahibi olmak önemli bir gerekliliktir. Bireyselleştirilmiş bakım kavramı; bireyin bireyselliğine saygı gösterme, bütüncül bakım verme, bakımı birlikte planlama ve bireyin bağımsızlığını destekleme gibi temel değer ve ilkeleri kapsar iken uygulama alanında yaşanan çeşitli engeller bireyselleştirilmiş bakımın uygulanabilirliğini etkilemektedir. Hemşirelik uygulamalarını çeşitli yollar ile etkileyen modellerin rehber olarak kullanılması ise hemşirelik uygulamaları için çerçeve oluşturması ve problemlerin çözümünde doğru kararlar verilmesine yardımcı olması açısından önemlidir. Özellikle insanı bütüncül bir yaklaşım ile ele alan, açık bir sistem olduğunu ifade ederek bireyin çevresiyle uyumuna yardım eden, bireyi ve toplumu anlamanın önemli araçlarından biri olan hemşirelik modellerinin kullanılması, bireyselleştirilmiş bakımın uygulamaya yansıtılmasında yaşanan bazı engellere çözüm bulunması açısından gereklidir. Neuman Sistemler Modeli (NSM), hastanın algılama alanını etkileyen tüm faktörlerin belirlenmesi gerektiğini ifade etmektedir. Algıdaki değişiklikleri hem hasta hem de hemşire bakış açısından belirleyerek hasta ve ailesinin ne istediklerini ve neye gereksinim duyduklarını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Model, derinlemesine ve kapsamlı değerlendirmeler yaparak elde ettiği veriler ile bireye özgü girişimlerin planlanabilmesine yardımcı olduğundan bakım davranışlarında yol göstericidir. Hemşirelik modelleri, bireyin benzersizliğine saygının bir ifadesi olan, bireyselleştirilmiş bakımın geliştirilmesinde hemşirelere rehber olması açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, bireyselleştirilmiş bakım uygulamalarının kapsadığı ilkelere uygun yansıtılması ve geliştirilmesi amacıyla, insanı bütüncül ve açık bir sistem olarak kabul eden NSM'nin ele alınarak değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Bireyselleştirilmiş bakım; hemşirelik örnekleri; hemşirelik
ABSTRACT
 Individualised care is the shaping of nursing care practices by taking into consideration the needs, desires, experiences, preferences, behaviours, feelings, perceptions and understandings of individuals. Individual differences between patients in terms of health, disease, and needs reveal the necessity of providing individualised care. It is a vital necessity to particularly understand the perception of the individual and to have knowledge about the individual's needs to individualise the care activities towards the individual. While individualised care concept covers basic values and principles like respecting the individuality of the individual, giving holistic care, planning the care in collaboration, and supporting the independence of the individual; various obstacles in the application area affect the practicability of individualised care. Using models which affect the nursing application in various ways is crucial in helping create a framework for nursing practices and making up the right decisions in problem-solving. Especially using nursing models that assist the individual in orientation by approaching humans in a holistic way, by stating that it is an open system, is necessary to find solutions to some obstacles in reflecting the individualised care to the application. The Neuman Systems Model (NSM) states that all factors affecting the perception area of the patient should be identified. It reveals what the patient and his/her family want and what they need by identifying the changes in perception both from the perspective of the patient and the nurse. The model is a guide in care behaviours as it assists personal attempts with the data it obtained by carrying out in-depth and extensive evaluations. Nursing models are crucial as they guide nurses in developing individualised care, which is the statement of the uniqueness of the individual. The goal of this article is to evaluate it by approaching it along with the NSM, which accepts humans as a holistic and open system, in order to reflect it in accordance with the principles involved by individualised care applications and to develop it.

Keywords: Patient centered care; nursing models; nursing
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