Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Bir Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Hepatit B, Hepatit C, HIV Seroprevalanslarının ve Hepatit B Enfeksiyonu ile İlgili Bilgi Düzeyi, Tutum ve Davranışlarının Değerlendirilmesi: Kesitsel Klinik Araştırma
Evaluation of the Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV Seroprevalences and Level of Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors of Hepatitis B Infection of a Faculty of Dentistry Students: Cross-Sectional Clinical Study
Zeynep ÇUKUROVA YILMAZa, Nurcan ALTAŞb, Burcu GÖZETİCİ ÇİLc
aİstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Ağız Diş ve Çene Cerrahisi ABD, İstanbul, Türkiye
bİstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Periodontoloji ABD, İstanbul, Türkiye
cİstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Restoratif ABD, İstanbul, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Dental Sci. 2022;28(2):282-90
doi: 10.5336/dentalsci.2021-85369
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Amaç: Hepatit B virüsü (HBV) enfeksiyonu, toplumumuzda yaygın olarak görülen ve dental işlemler yoluyla diş hekimlerinden hastalara ya da hastalardan diş hekimlerine bulaşabilen bir viral enfeksiyondur. Bu çalışmada, diş hekimliği fakültesi 4 ve 5. sınıf öğrencilerinin HBV enfeksiyonu ile ilgili bilgi düzeylerinin, bu konudaki tutum ve davranışlarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Buna ek olarak, yüksek bulaşıcılık oranına sahip HBV, hepatit C virüsü (HCV) ve insan immün yetmezliği virüsü [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)] seroprevalansları değerlendirildi. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu kesitsel klinik araştırmada, gönüllülere demografik bilgiler, HBV hakkındaki bilgi düzeyleri, tutum ölçeği ve davranış ölçeği olmak üzere 4 bölümden oluşan çevrim içi anket uygulandı. Öğrencilerin HBV, HCV ve HIV seroprevalanslarının değerlendirilmesinde ise ELISA testi kullanıldı. Bulgular: 4. Sınıf öğrencilerinin bilgi düzeyi skorları ile tutum puan ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık gözlendi (p=0,0001). Bilgi düzeyi yüksek olan öğrencilerin tutum puanı ortalamaları, bilgi düzeyi orta olan öğrencilerden istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu (p=0,0001). 4. Sınıf öğrencilerinden bilgi düzeyi düşük olan öğrencilerin davranış puanı ortalamaları, bilgi düzeyi orta ve yüksek olan öğrencilerden istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede düşük bulundu (p=0,012, p=0,001). 5. Sınıf öğrencilerinin ise bilgi düzeyi, tutum ve davranış puan ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık gözlenmedi (p=0,156, p=0,574). Sonuç: HBV genel bilgi seviyesi ve serolojik test sonuçları yeterli düzeyde görünse de kliniğe yeni başlayan 4. sınıf öğrencilerinden HBV enfeksiyonu hakkında bilgi düzeyi düşük olanların tutum ve davranışlarının daha yetersiz olduğu görüldü. Bu sonuç, sürekli enfeksiyon kontrolü eğitiminin gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Hepatit B virüsü; çapraz enfeksiyon; sağlık bilgisi, tutum, uygulama; eğitim
ABSTRACT
 Objective: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a common viral infection in our society that can be transmitted from dentists to patients or from patients to dentists during the dental procedures. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of HBV virus infection among 4th and 5th grade students in School of Dentistry. Additionally, seroprevalences of highly contagious HBV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were evaluated. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional clinical study, an online questionnaire consisting of four parts: demographic information, knowledge of HBV, attitude scale and behavior scale was applied to the volunteers. The ELISA test was used to evaluate the students' HBV, HCV and HIV seroprevalences. Results: Significant difference was observed between knowledge scores of 4th grades and attitude scores (p=0.0001). Attitude score with high knowledge was found to be significantly higher with medium knowledge (p=0.0001). Average behavioral scores of 4th grade with low knowledge were found to be significantly lower than medium and high knowledge (p=0.012, p=0.001). No significant difference was observed between knowledge, attitude, and behavior scores in 5th grades (p=0.156, p=0.574). Conclusion: Although the overall knowledge of HBV and serological test results seemed to be adequate, 4th grade students with lower knowledge showed inadequate attitudes and behaviors. This result highlighted the necessity of infection control education in a regular basis.

Keywords: Hepatitis B virus; cross infection; health knowledge, attitudes, practice; education
REFERENCES:
  1. Al-Shamiri HM, AlShalawi FE, AlJumah TM, AlHarthi MM, AlAli EM, AlHarthi HM. Knowledge, attitude and practice of hepatitis b virus infection among dental students and interns in Saudi Arabia. J Clin Exp Dent. 2018;10(1):e54-e60. [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  2. Lavanchy D. Worldwide epidemiology of HBV infection, disease burden, and vaccine prevention. J Clin Virol. 2005;34 Suppl 1:S1-3. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  3. World Health Organization. Global Hepatitis Report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO); 2017. [Link] 
  4. Kahraman HG, Ozbek OA, Emek M, Atasoylu G, Sekreter O, Unal B. Hepatitis B seroprevalence and the relationship between being hepatitis B vaccinated and infected with social determinants of health: Manisa, 2014. Hepat Mon. 2018;18(7):e65395. [Crossref] 
  5. Acikgoz A, Cimrin D, Kizildag S, Esen N, Balci P, Sayiner AA. Hepatitis A, B and C seropositivity among first-year healthcare students in western Turkey: a seroprevalence study. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):529. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  6. Alavian SM, Mahboobi N, Mahboobi N, Savadrudbari MM, Azar PS, Daneshvar S. Iranian dental students' knowledge of hepatitis B virus infection and its control practices. J Dent Educ. 2011;75(12):1627-34. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  7. Mahboobi N, Agha-Hosseini F, Mahboobi N, Safari S, Lavanchy D, Alavian SM. Hepatitis B virus infection in dentistry: a forgotten topic. J Viral Hepat. 2010;17(5):307-16. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  8. Tomruk CÖ, Özkurt Z, Gürsoy H, Şençift K. Yeditepe Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi öğrencilerinin, kan ve vücut sıvılarıyla bulaşan enfeksiyonlar, enfeksiyon kontrolü̈ ve hepatit B enfeksiyonu ile ilgili bilgi düzeylerinin, tutumlarının ve hepatit B aşılanma ve serolojik durumlarının değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of status, knowledge levels and attitude of students in Yeditepe University Faculty of Dentistry on Hepatit B infection]. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2011;14(2):78-91. [Link] 
  9. Rathi A, Kumar V, Majhi J, Jain S, Lal P, Singh S. Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practices toward prevention of hepatitis B infection among medical students in a high-risk setting of a newly established medical institution. J Lab Physicians. 2018;10(4):374-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  10. Gaze R, Carvalho DM, Tura LF. Informação de profissionais de saúde sobre transmissão transfusional de hepatites virais [Health providers' knowledge on transfusion-transmitted viral hepatitis]. Rev Saude Publica. 2006;40(5):859-64. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  11. Khosravanifard B, Rakhshan V, Najafi-Salehi L, Sherafat S. Tehran dentists' knowledge and attitudes towards hepatitis B and their willingness to treat simulated hepatitis B positive patients. East Mediterr Health J. 2014;20(8):498-507. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  12. Akbulut N, Öztaş B, Kurşun Ş, Çölok G. Knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding hepatitis b and infection control in dental clinical students. Clinical Dentistry and Research. 2011;35(2):21-7. [Link] 
  13. Li X, Kang H, Wang S, Deng Z, Yang T, Jia Y, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and behavior of hepatitis B virus infection among Chinese dental interns. Hepat Mon. 2015;15(5):e25079. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  14. Sarin SK, Kumar M, Lau GK, Abbas Z, Chan HL, Chen CJ, et al. Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update. Hepatol Int. 2016;10(1):1-98. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  15. Pathoumthong K, Khampanisong P, Quet F, Latthaphasavang V, Souvong V, Buisson Y. Vaccination status, knowledge and awareness towards hepatitis B among students of health professions in Vientiane, Lao PDR. Vaccine. 2014;32(39):4993-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  16. The Lancet. Towards elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030. Lancet. 2016;388(10042):308. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  17. Pfaender S, von Hahn T, Steinmann J, Ciesek S, Steinmann E. Prevention strategies for blood-borne viruses-in the Era of vaccines, direct acting antivirals and antiretroviral therapy. Rev Med Virol. 2016;26(5):330-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  18. Khandelwal V, Khandelwal S, Gupta N, Nayak UA, Kulshreshtha N, Baliga S, et al. Knowledge of hepatitis B virus infection and its control practices among dental students in an Indian city. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2017;1-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Cottone JA. The global challenge of hepatitis B: implications for dentistry. Int Dent J. 1991;41(3):131-41. [PubMed] 
  20. Al-Maweri SA, Tarakji B, Shugaa-Addin B, Al-Shamiri HM, Alaizari NA, AlMasri O. Infection control: Knowledge and compliance among Saudi undergraduate dental students. GMS Hyg Infect Control. 2015;10:Doc10. [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  21. Tirounilacandin P, Krishnaraj S, Chakravarthy K. Hepatitis-B infection: Awareness among medical, dental interns in India. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2009; 2(2):33. [Link] 
  22. Altamimi AR, Alqahtani TM, Ahmed JA, Aldosari LH, Alzahrani MM, Alotaibi GS, et al. Knowledge, awareness, and vaccination compliance of hepatitis B among medical students in Riyadh's governmental universities. J Family Med Prim Care. 2021;10(1):485-90. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  23. Duffy RE, Cleveland JL, Hutin YJ, Cardo D. Evaluating infection control practices among dentists in Vâlcea, Romania, in 1998. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25(7):570-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  24. Altas N, Yilmaz ZC. Knowledge, attitude, and perceived mental healthcare needs of Turkish dentistry students regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Experiment Dent Sci. 2020;9(2):31-7. [Crossref] 
  25. Nguyen TTL, Pham TTH, So S, Hoang THV, Nguyen TTU, Ngo TB, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices toward hepatitis B virus infection among students of medicine in Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(13):7081. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com