Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Attitudes Toward Infertility and Empathy Levels of Nursing Students
Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin İnfertiliteye Karşı Tutum ve Empati Düzeyleri
Emine YILMAZa
aBingöl University Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Bingöl, TURKEY
Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci. 2020;12(2):236-43
doi: 10.5336/nurses.2019-71641
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Objective: The diagnosis of infertility negatively affects the individual's integrity, individual autonomy and social bonds. Thus, the infertile individual cannot share his / her thoughts, feelings and experiences loneliness, hopelessness, anger,depression. The nurse can observe these reactions of the patient; however, understanding these reactions and revealing the cause is only possible by the empathic approach. This study was conducted to determine attitudes toward infertility and empathy levels in nursing students. Material and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Bingöl University. The study sample consisted of 190 nursing students. Data collection tools included a questionnaire form, Jefferson Empathy Scale for Nursing Students and Attitude Towards Infertility Scale. Results: The mean age of the participants was 20.44±1.50 years, 125 (65.8%) were female, 103 (54.2%) stated that infertility cannot be treated, and 155 (82%) expressed that women should apply for treatment first if the couple cannot have a baby. Attitude mean score was 44.24±7.66 (min/max 12-60), empathy mean score was 91.51±17.44 (min/max 18-126).We identified a positive relationship between total scores for the positive attitude infertility and the empathy scales (r=.301**p<0.001). Conclusion: The empathy level of the students was moderate and they had a positive attitude toward infertility. Male students have more negative attitudes toward infertility and less empathy than female students.

Keywords: Empathy; attitude; infertility; nursing students
ÖZET
 Amaç: İnfertilite tanısı bireyin kişilik bütünlüğü, bireysel özerkliği ve sosyal bağlarını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Böylece infertil birey duygu ve düşüncelerini paylaşamamakta, yalnızlık, umutsuzluk, öfke ve depresyon yaşamaktadır. Hemşire hastanın bu tepkilerini gözlemleyebilir fakat bu tepkileri anlamlandırmak ve nedenini ortaya çıkarmak empatik yaklaşımla mümkündür. Bu çalışma hemşirelik öğrencilerinin infertiliteye karşı tutum ve empati düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tanımlayıcı-ilişkili tipteki çalışma Bingöl Üniversitesi'nde yürütülmüştür. Araştırma evrenini 190 hemşirelik öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Araştırma verileri soru formu, Hemşirelik öğrencileri için Jefferson Empati Ölçeği ve İnfertiliteye Karşı Tutum Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması 20,44±1,50 yıl, 125 (%65,8)'inin kız, 103(%54.2)'ü infertilitenin tedavi edilemeyeceğini, 155 (%82)'i çocuk sahibi olunamıyorsa önce kadının tedavi için başvurması gerektiğini ifade etmiştir. Ölçeklerin puan ortalamaları ise; infertiliteye karşı tutum puan ortalaması 44,24±7,66 (min/max 12-60), empati puan ortalaması 91,51±17,44 (min/maks 18- 126) olarak belirlenmiştir, empati düzeyi ile infertiliteye olumlu tutum düzeyi arasında pozitif ilişki belirlenmiştir (r=,301 **p<0,001). Sonuç: Öğrencilerin infertiliteye karşı tutumlarının olumlu ve empati düzeyinin orta düzeydedir. Erkek öğrencilerin kız öğrencilere göre infertilite tutumlarının daha olumsuz ve empati düzeylerinin daha düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Empati; tutum; infertilite hemşirelik öğrencileri
REFERENCES:
  1. Ergin RN, Polat A, Kars B, Öztekin D, Sofuoğlu K, Çalışkan E. Social stigma and familial attitudes related to infertility. Turk J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;15(1):46-9.
  2. Sudha G, Reddy KS. Causes of female infertility: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology. 2013;2(6):119-23.
  3. Kırca N, Pasinoğlu T. [Psychosocial problems during infertility treatment]. Current Approaches in Psychiatry. 2013;5(2):162-78. [Crossref] 
  4. Karaca A, Ünsal G. [The effects of infertility on women's mental health and role of psychiatric nursing]. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2012;3(2):80-5. [Crossref] 
  5. Alhassan A, Ziblim AR, Muntaka S. A survey on depression among infertile women in Ghana. BMC Womens Health. 2014;42(1):2-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  6. Moeenizadeh M, Zarif H. The efficacy of well-being therapy for depression in infertile women. Int J Fertil Steril. 2017;10(4)363-70.
  7. Ibisomi L, Mudege NN. Childlessness in Nigeria: perceptions and acceptability. Cult Health Sex. 2014;16(1):61-75. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  8. Anokye R, Acheampong E, Mprah WK, Ope JO, Barivure NT. Psychosocial effects of infertility among couples attending St. Michael's Hospital, Jachie-Pramso in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):690. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  9. Hollos M, Larsen U, Obono O, Whitehouse B. The problem of infertility in high fertility populations: meanings, consequences and coping mechanisms in two Nigerian Communities. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(11):2061-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  10. Nahar P, Geest S. How women in Bangladesh confront the stigma of childlessness: agency, resilience, and resistance. Med Anthropol Q. 2014;28(3):381-98. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  11. Pei-Yang H, Ming-Wei Lin, Hwang JL, Maw-Sheng Lee, Wu M. The fertility quality of life (fertiqol) questionnaire in Taiwanese 90 infertile couples. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;52(2):204-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  12. Todorova ILG, Kotzeva T. Social discourse, women's resistive voices: facing ınvoluntary childlessness in Bulgaria. Womens Stud Int Forum. 2003;26(2):139-51. [Crossref] 
  13. Klemetti R, Raitanen J, Sihvo S, Saarni S, Koponen P. Infertility, mental disorders and well‐being-a nationwide survey. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89(5):677-82. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  14. Kjaer A, Jensen SO, Dalton C, Johansen S, Schmiedel S, Kjaer SK. Suicide in Danish women evaluated for fertility problems. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(9):2401-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  15. Yilmaz E, Kavak F. The effect of stigma on depression levels of Turkish women with infertility. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2019;55(3):378-82. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  16. Olson J, Hanchett E. Nurse-expressed empathy, patient outcomes, and development of a middle-range theory. Image J Nurs Sch. 1997;29(1):71-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  17. Kelm Z, Womer J, Walter JK, Feudtner C. Interventions to cultivate physician empathy: a systematic review. BMC Med Educ. 2014;14:219. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Dökmen Ü. İletişim Çatışmaları ve Empati. 48. Baskı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi; 2012. p.12-50.
  19. Cunico L, Sartori R, Marognolli O, Meneghini AM. Developing empathy in nursing students: a cohort longitudinal study. J Clin Nurs. 2012;21(13-14):2016-25. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Ward J, Cody J, Schaal M, Hojat M. The empathy enigma: an empirical studyof decline in empathy among undergraduate nursing students. J Prof Nurs. 2012;28(1):34-40. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  21. Ançel G. Developing empathy in nurses: an inservice training program. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2006;20(6):249-57. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  22. Williams B, Boyle M, Howard S. Empathy levels in undergraduate paramedic students: a three-year longitudinal study. Nurse Educ Pract. 2016;16(1):86-90. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  23. Simbar M, Tehrani FR, Hashemi Z. Reproductive health knowledge, attitudes and practices of Iranian college students. East Mediterr Health J. 2005;11(5-6):888-97.
  24. Ali S, Sophie R, Imam AM, Khan FI, Ali SF, Shaikh A, et al. Knowledge, perceptions and myths regarding infertility among selected adult population in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:760-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  25. Siyez DM, Esen E, Baran B, Seymenler S, Kağnıcı DY, Siyez E. Development of the attitudes toward infertility scale (ATIS): validity and reliability study. Cukurova Med J. 2018;43(Suppl 1):173-80. [Crossref] 
  26. Yanik A, Saygili S. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of jefferson scale of empathy for nursing students. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2014;34(1):111-9. [Crossref] 
  27. Anderson K, Nisenblat V, Norman R. Lifestyle factors in people seeking infertility treatment-a review. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;50(1):8-20 [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  28. Ouzouni C, Nakakis K. An exploratory study of student nurses' empathy. Health Science Journal. 2012;6(3):534-52.
  29. Petrucci C, Cerra CL, Aloisio F, Montanari P, Lancia L. Empathy in health professional students: a comparative cross-sectional study. Nurs Educ Today. 2016;41:1-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  30. Ertug N. The investigation of levels of empathy in nurse candidates. Bezmialem Science. 2018;6:37-42. [Crossref] 
  31. Taşcı KD, Özkan S. The opinions of the students of the school of health about infertility. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni. 2007;6(3):187-92.
  32. Lansakara N, Wickramasinghe AR, Seneviratne HR. Feeling the blues of infertility in a South Asian context: psychological well‐being and associated factors among Sri Lankan women with primary infertility. Women Health. 2011;51(4):383-99. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  33. Luk BHK, Loke AY. The impact of infertility on the psychological well‐being, marital relationships, sexual relationships, and quality of life of couples: a systematic review. J Sex Marital Ther. 2015;41(6):610-25. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  34. Heidke P, Howie V, Ferdous T. Use of health care consumer voices to increase empathy in nursing students. Nurse Educ Pract. 2018;29:30-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  35. Porr C, Drummond J, Olson K. Establishing therapeutic relationships with vulnerable and potentially stigmatized clients. Qual Health Res. 2012;22(3):384-96. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com