Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences

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Astım Yönetiminde Yeniden Solunum Öğretimi: Pranayama Solunum Tekniği
Retraining of Breathing in Asthma Management: Pranayama Breathing Technique
Gülyeter ERDOĞAN YÜCEa, Sultan TAŞCIb
aSağlık Bakım Hizmetleri Bölümü, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu, Nevşehir, TÜRKİYE
bHemşirelik Bölümü, İç Hastalıkları Hemşireliği ABD, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Kayseri, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci. 2019;11(4):409-16
doi: 10.5336/nurses.2019-64761
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Astım, kronik havayolu inflamasyonu ve hava akımı kısıtlanması ile seyreden kronik bir hastalıktır. Bu hastalık dünyada yaklaşık 300 milyon kişiyi etkilemekte olup, 2025 yılına kadar bu sayının 400 milyona ulaşması beklenmektedir. Astımın oluşmasına ve atakların tetiklenmesine hava kirliliği, genetik faktörler, sigara dumanı, alerjenler gibi pek çok faktör katkıda bulunduğu için hastalığın kontrolünde çok yönlü bir yaklaşım gerekmektedir. Mevcut terapötik seçeneklere rağmen astım semptomlarını yaşamaya devam eden pek çok astım hastası, konvansiyonel tedavi sonuçlarından memnun olmama ve/veya tedavinin yan etkileri gibi sebepler ile astımın kontrolünde ve/veya semptomların giderilmesinde tamamlayıcı ve integratif (bütünleşik) uygulamalara yönelmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalara göre astımlı hastaların sıklıkla kullandıkları tamamlayıcı ve integratif yöntemlerden biri solunum teknikleridir. Literatürde astım tedavisinde ve kontrolünde solunum tekniklerinin etkisi ile ilgili yapılmış pek çok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu tekniklerden biri olan pranayama, yoga disiplininin bir parçası olup 'nefes bilimi, nefes kontrolü, iradeli solunum' olarak tercüme edilmektedir. Pranayama solunum tekniği yeniden solunum öğretimi temeline dayanmaktadır. Bu teknik solunum modelini manipüle etmeyi amaçlamakta ve bireylerin solunumları üzerindeki farkındalığını artırarak, basit bir kendini kontrol tekniği oluşturmaktadır. Nörokognitif, otonomik ve pulmoner fonksiyonları etkileyen pranayamalar vücutta biyokimyasal ve metabolik aktivitelerin düzenlenmesine yardım etmektedir. Pranayama solunum tekniğinin, astım kontrolü, solunum fonksiyon testleri, bronkodilatatör kullanımı, yaşam kalitesi, IgE ve eozinofil sayısı gibi bazı parametreler üzerindeki olumlu etkilerine ilişkin literatürde birçok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Astım yönetiminde pranayama solunum tekniğinin kullanımı ile ilgili bu çalışmada, literatürde yer alan bilgiler paylaşılmış olup, astım hastalarına bakım veren hemşireler ve bu konu ile ilgili çalışma yapmak isteyen meslek profesyonellerine rehberlik etmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Astım; yoga; solunum tekniği
ABSTRACT
 Asthma is a chronic disease through chronic inflammation of air ways, and restriction of air flows. It affects approximately 300 million people in the world, and the number is expected to reach 400 million by 2025. As many factors such as air pollution, genetic factors, cigarette smoke, and allergens contribute to the development asthma and precipitation of attacks, a multidimensional approach is necessary for controlling it. Though available therapeutic options, many asthma patients turn towards complementary and integrative applications in asthma control and/or eliminating symptoms due to reasons of dissatisfaction on conventional treatment results and/or side effects of treatment. One of complementary and integrative methods used by asthma patients is breathing techniques according to studies. There are many studies related to effects of breathing techniques in asthma treatment and control in literature. Pranayama is a part of yoga and translated as 'breathing science, breathing control, conscious breathing'. It is based on anew teaching of breathing. It aims at manipulating of respiration model, and forms a simple self-control technique by increasing consciousness of individuals on their breathings. Pranayamas, affecting neurocognitive, autonomic, and pulmonary functions, help regulation of biochemical and metabolic activities in body. There are many studies in the literature with regard to positive effects of pranayama breathing technique on some parameters such as asthma control, respiratory function tests, broncodilatator use, life quality, IgE, and eosinophil number. This review aims to guide nurses caring for asthma patients, and professionals conducting research on this subject by sharing available information in literature.

Keywords: Asthma; yoga; breathing technique
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