Current Overview of Childhood Asthma

Astım Tedavisinde Çevresel Önlemler, Alternatif Tedaviler ve İmmünoterapinin Yeri
Asthma Management Strategies: Environmental Interventions, Alternative Therapies, and Immunotherapy
Elif KARAKOÇ AYDINERa, Ahmet Oğuzhan ÖZENa
aMarmara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk İmmünolojisi ve Alerji Hastalıkları BD, İstanbul, TÜRKİYE
Karakoç Aydıner E, Özen AO. Astım tedavisinde çevresel önlemler, alternatif tedaviler ve immünoterapinin yeri. Uyan ZS, editör. Çocukluk Çağında Astıma Güncel Bakış. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.56- 60.
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Astım tedavisinde alerjik inflamasyonun baskılanması, bronkokonstrüksiyonun geri çevrilmesi ve ortaya çıkacak akciğer hasarının geri çevrilmesi hedeflenir. Farmakolojik ajanlar ve immünoterapi ile astım patolojisinin iyileştirilmesi ve ilerlemesinin önlenmesi hedeflenirken, non-farmakolojik yaklaşımlar aynı amaç doğrultusunda ilaç etkisini tamamlayıcı rol oynar. İlaç-dışı yaklaşımlar arasında astım kontrolünü bozabilecek çevresel tetikleyicilerden kaçınmak, düzenli fizik aktivite, sağlıklı beslenme, vücut ağırlığı yönetimi, solunum egzersizleri ve psikolojik stres yönetiminin desteklenmesi yer alır. Alerjen immünoterapisi cilt altı veya dil altı yolla uygulanabilir. Ancak her astım hastası alerjen immünoterapi için uygun olmayabilir. Özellikle, alerjen maruziyeti ile yakınmalar arasında zamansal ilişkinin gösterildiği ve suçlanan alerjen ile duyarlanmanın uygun testler aracılığıyla kanıtlandığı hastalar bu tedavi yöntemi için aday olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Öte yandan diğer tedavi yöntemlerinde olduğu gibi immünoterapinin de ciddi yan etki riski mevcuttur ve tedavi kararında yarar-risk dengesi gözetilmelidir. Enfeksiyonlara karşı aşılanma, vitamin D ve bronşiyel termoplasti gibi bir takım alternatif yöntemlerin etkisi kanıtlanmamış olup rutin olarak önerilmez.

Anahtar Kelimeler: İmmünoterapi; çevresel sorunlara maruziyet; astım
ABSTRACT
Asthma management aims to prevent and reverse allergic inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and the consequent lung injury, the cardinal features of this disorder. While pharmacologic agents and allergen-immunotherapy target the reversal of asthma pathology and progression of the disease, the non-pharmacological approaches are supposed to complement the drug treatment. Non-pharmacological strategies include avoidance of environmental triggers that may break asthma control, promotion of regular physical exercise and well-balanced nutrition, control of body weight, breathing exercises, and psychological stress management support. Allergen-specific immunotherapy can be applied through a subcutaneous or sublingual route. Not all asthma patients may be good candidates for allergen immunotherapy. Hence, immunotherapy should be considered for asthmatic patients whose symptoms occur upon exposure to a culprit allergen, provided that the patients' sensitization to that antigen is established through allergy testing. Meanwhile, asthma immunotherapy is not without side effects, and a physician should decide to start this mode of treatment only after a benefit to risk ratio analysis. Immunization against infections, vitamin D treatment, and bronchial thermoplasty are among the alternative approaches in asthma management, but these treatment modalities have not been confirmed through rigorous clinical testing.

Keywords: Immunotherapy; environmental exposure; asthma

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